Space Charges as Pre-breakdown Phenomena in Solid Dielectrics: A Concise Approach and Some Critical Comments

Authors

  • M. Danikas Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece
  • G. E. Vardakis Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece
  • R. Sarathi Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Department of Electrical Engineering, Chennai, India
Volume: 10 | Issue: 4 | Pages: 5992-5997 | August 2020 | https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.3667

Abstract

This short review deals with some aspects of space charges in solid dielectrics, and in particular in polymeric materials. The relationship between space charges and pre-breakdown events is discussed and the importance of space charges for the breakdown of solid dielectrics is emphasized.

Keywords:

space charges, breakdown strength, polymers, interfaces, pre-breakdown phenomena

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

L. L. Alston and P. G. Dawson, "Life of polythene at very high stresses," Proceedings of the IEE, vol. 112, no. 4, pp. 814-817, 1965. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1049/piee.1965.0137

R. Arora and W. Mosch, High Voltage and Electrical Insulation Engineering. Hoboken New Jersey, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470947906

G. Bahder, C. Katz, and W. Vahlstrom, "Electrical and electrochemical treeing effect in polyethylene and crosslinked polyethylene cables," IEEE Transactions on Power, Apparatus and Systems, vol. 93, no. 3, pp. 977-990, 1974. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAS.1974.294017

G. Bahder, M. Sosnowski, C. Katz, T. Carrity, and R. Eaton, "Physical model of electric aging and breakdown in extruded polymeric insulated power cables," IEEE Transactions on Power, Apparatus and Systems, vol. 101, no. 6, pp. 1379-1390, 1982. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAS.1982.317185

S. S. Bamji, "Electroluminescence - A technique to detect the initiation of degradation in polymeric insulation," IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 9-14, 1999. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/57.768531

R. Bartnikas, "Performance characteristics of dielectrics in the presence of space charge," IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 544-557, 1997. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/94.625644

R. J. Brunt, E. W. Cernyar, and P. Glan, "Importance of unraveling memory propagation effects in interpreting data on partial discharge statistics," IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 905-915, 1993. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/14.249364

J. Castellon, S. Agnel, and P. Notingher, "Review of space charge measurements in high voltage DC extruded cables by the thermal step method"," IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 34-41, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/MEI.2017.7956631

M. A. Charoy and R. F. Jocteur, "Very high tension cables with extruded polyethylene insulation," IEEE Transactions on Power, Apparatus and Systems, vol. 90, no. 2, pp. 777-782, 1971. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAS.1971.293105

G. Chen and Z. Xu, "Space charge dynamics in low density polyethylene under DC electric fields," Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 142, p. 4 , 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/142/1/012008

G. Chen, J. Zhao, S. Li, and L. Zhong, "Origin of thickness dependent dc electrical breakdown in dielectrics," Applied Physics Letters, vol. 100, pp. 222904-1 - 222904-4, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4721809

Y. L. Chong, G. Chen, H. Miyake, K. Matsui, Y. Tanaka, and T. Takada, "Space charge and charge trapping characteristics of cross-linked polyethylene subjected to ac electric stresses," Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol. 39, pp. 1658-1666, 2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/39/8/027

R. Cooper, "Breakdown in solids"," in Electrical Insulation, London, UK, 1983.

Z. Croitoru, "Space charges in dielectrics," Progress in Dielectrics, vol. 6, pp. 105-146, 1959.

M. G. Danikas, "A study of the behavior of a uniaxially orientated polyethylene tape/oil insulating system subjected to electrical and thermal stresses," Ph. D. University of London, Queen Mary College, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 1985.

M. G. Danikas and S. Morsalin, "Foreign incusions, enclosed cavities, partial discharge models, and discharge energy: A short review regarding solid dielectrics and composite insulating systems," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 4659-4666, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.2958

M. G. Danikas and G. E. Vardakis, "A review on electrical treeing in solid dielectrics," The Journal of CPRI, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 75-88, 2009.

L. A. Dissado, S. J. Dodd, J. V. Champion, P. I. Williams, and J. M. Alison, "Propagation of electrical tree structures in solid pokymeric insulation," IEEE Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 259-279, 1997. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/94.598282

O. Dorlane, S. Sapieha, M. R. Wertheimer, and A. Yelon, "Thermally stimulated discharge of polyethylene following a.c. stressing," IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 199-202, 1982. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TEI.1982.298457

H. Froehlich, "Theory of electrical breakdown in ionic crystals," in Proceedings of the Royal Society A, 1937, vol. 160, pp. 230-241,. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1937.0106

M. Fu, L. A. Dissado, G. Chen, and J. Fothergill, "Space charge formation and its modified electric field under applied voltage reversal and temperature gradient in XLPE cable," IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 851-860, 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2008.4543123

K. Fukunaga, "Innovative PEA space charge measurement systems for industrial applications," IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 18-26, 2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/MEI.2004.1283258

S. Goettisch, "Modellierung des Rauladungsaufbaus in der Umgebung von Einscluessen in VPE-Kabelisolierungen," Ph.D. Thesis, 1994.

T. Hibma and H. R. Zeller, "Direct measurement of space charge injection from a needle electrode into dielectrics," Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 59, no. 5, pp. 1614-1620, 1986. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.336473

A. Hippel, "Electric breakdown of solid and liquid insulators," Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 8, pp. 815-832, 1937. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1710258

J. T. Holboll, "The resistance of composite materials against electrical discharges," Ph, vol. D. Technical University of Denmark, Department of Electric Power Engineering, 1992.

H. Hussaini, A. A. Adam, and A. A. Susan, "Review of space-charge measurement using Pulse Electro-Acoustic method: Advantages and limitations," International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, vol. 4, no. Part-1, pp. 90-95, 2015.

M. Ieda, "Dielectric breakdown process of polymers," IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 206-224, 1980. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TEI.1980.298314

Y. Inuishi, "Effect of space charge and structure on breakdown of liquids and solids," in Annual Report on Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena (CEIDP, Amherst, MA, USA, Oct. 1982, pp. 328-338. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/CEIDP.1982.7726552

A. K. Jonscher and R. Lacoste, "On a cumulative model of dielectric breakdown in solids," IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 567- 577, 1984. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TEI.1984.298829

K. C. Kao, Dielectric Phenomena in Solids. San Diego, California, USA: Elsevier Academic Press, 2004.

D. Kind and H. Kaerner, High-Voltage Insulation Technology. Braunschweig, Germany, 1985. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-14090-0

D. Koenig and Y. N. Rao, Teilentladungen in Betriebsmitteln der Energietechnik. Berlin, Germany: VDE Verlag, 1993.

E. Kuffel, W. S. Zaengl, and J. Kuffel, High Voltage Engineering: Fundamentals. Oxford, UK: Newnes, 2000.

C. Laurent, T. G. Teyssedre, S. L. Roy, and F. Baudoin, "Charge dynamics and its Energetic features in polymeric materials," IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 357-381, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2013.6508737

L. Li, "Dielectric properties of aged polymers and nanocomposites," Ph, vol. D. Iowa State University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2011.

S. Li, Y. Zhu, D. Min, and G. Chen, "Space charge modulated electrical breakdown," Scientific Reports, Art, no. 32588, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/srep32588

R. Liao, J. Yan, L. Yang, M. Zhu, and B. Liu, "Study on the relationship between damage of oil-impregnated insulation paper and evolution of phase-resolved partial discharge patterns," European Transactions on Electrical Power, vol. 21, pp. 2112-2124, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/etep.546

F. N. Lim, R. J. Fleming, and R. D. Naybour, "Space charge accumulation in power cable XLPE insulation," IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical insulation, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 273-281, 1999. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/94.775611

Z. Lv, X. Wang, K. Wu, X. Chen, Y. Cheng, and L. Dissado, "Dependence of charge accumulation on sample thickness in nano-SiO doped LDPE," IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 337- 345, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2013.6451375

M. Mammeri, C. Laurent, and J. Salon, "Influence of space charge buildup on the transition to electrical treeing in PE under AC voltage," IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 27-35, 1995. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/94.368676

J. H. Mason, "Breakdown of solid dielectrics in divergent fields," in Proceedings of the IEE, 1955, vol. 102, Pt. C, pp. 254-263,. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1049/pi-c.1955.0030

H. Matsubara and S. Yamanouchi, "The mechanism determining voltage lives of cross-linked PE insulation," in Annual report on Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D. C., USA, 1974, pp. 270-278,. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/CEIDP.1974.7735917

K. Matsui, "Space charge behavior in low-density polyethylene at pre-breakdown," IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 406-415, 2005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2005.1453444

C. Mayoux, "Contribution al'etude de l'actionsur du polyethylene de differentes formes d'energie presents dans les dechargespartielles," Ph, vol. D. Universite Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France, 1972.

G. Mazzanti, G. C. Montanari, and L. Dissado, "A space charge life model for the ac electrical ageing of polymers," IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol. 6, pp. 864-875, 1999. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/94.822029

E. J. McMahon and J. R. Perkins, "Evaluation of polyolefin high-voltage insulating compounds: Dendrite (tree) formation under highly divergent fields," IEEE Transactions on Power, Apparatus and Systems, vol. 83, pp. 1253-1260, 1964. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAS.1964.4765970

D. Min, "Thickness-dependent DC electrical breakdown of polyimide modulated by charge transport and molecular displacement," Polymers, vol. 10, no. 9, p. 18 , 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10091012

P. H. F. Morshuis, "Degradation of solid dielectrics due to internal partial discharge: Some thoughts on progress made and where to go now," IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 905- 913, 2005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2005.1522185

M. S. Naidu and V. Kamaraju, High Voltage Engineering, Tenth. New Delhi, India: Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd, 2000.

J. J. O'Dwyer, The Theory of Electrical Conduction and Breakdown in Solid Dielectrics. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1973.

T. Okamoto and T. Tanaka, "Auto-correlation function of PD pulses under electrical treeing degradation," IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 857-865, 1995. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/94.469979

D. Pitsa, M. G. Danikas, G. E. Vardakis, and T. Tanaka, "Influence of homocharges and nanoparticles in electrical tree propagation under DC voltage application," in Archiv fuer Elektrotechnik (Electrical Engineering, vol. 94, 2012, pp. 81-88,. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-011-0222-6

D. Pitsa, G. E. Vardakis, and M. G. Danikas, "Electrical tree growth simulation in nanocomposite polymers: The role of nanoparticles and homocharges," in Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE International Conference on Solid Dielectrics (ICSD, Potsdam, Germany, Jul. 2010, pp. 726-728. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSD.2010.5568241

P. Robert, Materiaux de l' Electrotechnique. Lausanne, Switzerland, 1979.

C.-R. L. S. -H. Lee J. K. Park and K.-S. Suh, "The effect of low-molecular- weight species on space charge and conduction in LDPE," IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 425-432, 1997.

N. Z. S. -O. Mbarga D. Malec and H. T. Giam, "Study of space charge effect on dielectric DC breakdown of synthetic insulators with the Pressure Wave Propagation method," Journal of Electrostatics, vol. 40-41, pp. 355- 361, 1997. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3886(97)00070-3

Y. Shibuya, S. Zoledziowski, and J. H. Calderwood, "Void formation and electrical breakdown in epoxy resin," IEEE Transactions on Power, Apparatus and Systems, vol. 96, no. 1, pp. 198-207, 1977. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/T-PAS.1977.32324

K. H. Stark and C. G. Garton, "Electric strength of irradiated polythene," Nature, vol. 176, pp. 1225-1226, 1955. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/1761225a0

K. S. Suh, H. J. Lee, D. S. Lee, and C. G. Khang, "Charge distributions in PC/SAN/PCL polymer blends," IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 460-466, 1995. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/94.395416

T. Takada, "Acoustic and optical methods for measuring electric charge distributions in dielectrics," IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 519-547, 1999. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/94.798112

T. Tanaka and A. Greenwood, "Effects of charge injection and extraction on tree initiation in polyethylene," IEEE Transactions on Power, Apparatus and Systems, vol. 97, no. 5, pp. 1749-1759, 1978. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAS.1978.354668

T. Tanaka and A. Greenwood, Advanced Power Cable Technology, vol. I. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, Inc, 1983.

T. Umemura, K. Akiyama, and T. Kashiwazaki, "Dielectric behavior of solid/liquid insulation system," IEEE Transactions on electrical Insulation, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 276-280, 1982. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TEI.1982.298467

G. E. Vardakis, "Breakdown phenomena in solid insulating materials: A study of electrical tree propagation," Ph, vol. D. Democritus University of Thrace, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Xanthi, Greece, 2006.

G. E. Vardakis and M. G. Danikas, "The pioneering work by Zeller on treeing in insulating materials: Some comments," Journal of Electrical Engineering, vol. 51, no. 11-12, pp. 341-344, 2000.

G. E. Vardakis, M. G. Danikas, and I. Karafyllidis, "Simulation of space-charge effects in electrical tree propagation using cellular automata," Materials Letters, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 404-409, 2002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-577X(02)00512-8

X. Wang, "Space charge in XLPE power cable under DC electrical stress and heat treatment," IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 467-474, 1995. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/94.395415

D. B. Watson, "Dielectric breakdown in Perspex," IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 73-75, 1973. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TEI.1973.299247

H. J. Wiesmann and H. R. Zeller, "A fractal model of dielectric breakdown and prebreakdown in solid dielectrics," Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 60, no. 5, pp. 1770-1773, 1986. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.337219

K. Wu and L. Dissado, "Model for electrical tree initiation in epoxy resin," IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 655- 668, 2005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2005.1511091

L. Yu, F. B. Madsen, and A. L. Skov, "Degradation patterns of silicone-based elastomers in electrical fields," International Journal of Smart and Nano Materials, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 217-232, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19475411.2017.1376358

H. R. Zeller, T. Baumann, E. Cartier, H. Dersch, P. Pfluger, and F. Stucki, "The physics of electrical breakdown and pre-breakdown in solid dielectrics," Festkoerperprobleme, vol. 27, pp. 223-240, 1987. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0107923

H. R. Zeller and W. R. Schneider, "Electrofracture mechanics of dielectric aging," Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 455-459, 1984. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.333931

C. Zhang, T. Mizutani, K. Kaneko, and M. Ishioka, "Decay of space charge in LDPE and its blend polymer," Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol. 35, pp. 1875-1879, 2002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/35/15/310

Y. Zhang, T. Christen, X. Meng, J. Chen, and J. Rocks, "Research progress on space charge characteristics in polymeric insulation," Journal of Advanced Dielectrics, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1630001-1 - 16300013, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/S2010135X16300012

Y. Zhang, J. Lewiner, C. Alquie, and N. Hampton, "Evidence of strong correlation between space-charge buildup and breakdown in cable insulation," IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 778- 783, 1996. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/94.556559

Downloads

How to Cite

[1]
Danikas, M., Vardakis, G.E. and Sarathi, R. 2020. Space Charges as Pre-breakdown Phenomena in Solid Dielectrics: A Concise Approach and Some Critical Comments. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research. 10, 4 (Aug. 2020), 5992–5997. DOI:https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.3667.

Metrics

Abstract Views: 913
PDF Downloads: 456

Metrics Information

Most read articles by the same author(s)

<< < 1 2 3 > >>