Bubbles in Insulating Liquids: A Short Review

Authors

  • M. Danikas Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece
Volume: 9 | Issue: 6 | Pages: 4870-4875 | December 2019 | https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.3009

Abstract

This paper deals with the influence of bubbles in insulating liquids and their role in liquid breakdown. Bubbles play a deleterious role in the dielectric strength of insulating liquids. Depending on their shape and localized electric field, bubbles may significantly lower the dielectric strength of insulating liquids. The present paper offers a short review – albeit incomplete – on the role of bubbles and tries to elucidate their relation to the total breakdown of dielectric liquids. It also proposes some further fields of research.

Keywords:

bubbles, insulating liquids, transformer oil, low refractive index, dielectric strength, breakdown strength, applied electric field, localized electric field, streamer mechanism, liquid permittivity, liquid density, liquid viscosity

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

D. F. Binns, “Breakdown in liquids”, in: Electrical Insulation, Peter Peregrinus Ltd., London, UK, 1983

R. N. Allan, E. M. Hizal, “Prebreakdown phenomena in transformer oil subjected to non-uniform fields”, Proceedings of the IEE, Vol. 121, pp. 227-231, 1974 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1049/piee.1974.0041

W. G. Chadband, J. H. Carderwood, “The propagation of discharges in dielectric liquids”, Journal of Electrostatics, Vol. 7, pp. 75-91, 1979 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3886(79)90063-9

A. H. Sharbough, J. C. Devins, S. J. Rzad, “Progress in the field of electric breakdown in dielectric liquids”, IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, Vol. 13, pp. 249-276, 1978 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TEI.1978.298076

A. Beroual, M. Zahn, R. Badent, K. Kist, A. J. Schwab, H. Yamashita, K. Yamazawa, M. Danikas, W. G. Chadband, Y. Torshin, “Propagation and structure of streamers in liquid dielectrics”, IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 6-17, 1998 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/57.662781

B. Epstein, “Statistical aspects of fracture problems”, Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 19, pp. 140-147, 1948 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1698380

W. R. Bell, “Influence of specimen size on the dielectric strength of transformer oil”, IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 281-292, 1977 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TEI.1977.297980

N. J. Felici, “Bubbles, partial discharges and liquid breakdown”, Electrostatics, Vol. 79, Institute of Physics Conference Series Vol. 48, pp. 181-190, 1979

H. Pohl, “The motion and precipitation of suspensoids in divergent electric fields”, Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 22, No. 7, pp. 869-871, 1951 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1700065

H. Pohl, “Some effects of non-uniform fields on dielectrics”, Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 29, No. 8, pp. 1182-1188, 1958 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1723398

K. C. Kao, “Some electromechanical effects on dielectrics”, British Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 12, pp. 629-632, 1961 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0508-3443/12/11/310

K. C. Kao, “Deformation of gas bubbles and liquid drops in an electrically stressed insulating liquid”, Nature, Vol. 208, pp. 1279-280, 1965 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/208279b0

C. G. Garton, Z. Krasucki, “Bubbles in insulating liquids: Stability in an electric field”, Proceedings of the Royal Society, Vol. 280, pp. 211-226, 1964 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1964.0141

K. C. Kao, “Theory of high-field electric conduction and breakdown in dielectric liquids”, IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 121-128, 1976 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TEI.1976.297919

O. M. Stuetzer, “Gas bubbles in a charged liquid”, Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 34, No. 4 (Pt. 1), pp. 958-963, 1963 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1729571

R. T. Harrold, “The behavior of electrically stressed gas bubbles trapped within naphthenic and paraffinic mineral oils”, IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, Vancouver, pp. 1-5, 1979

R. Meyrueix, P. Atten, R. Tobazeon, “On the behavior of a plane gaseous cavity in an insulating liquid subjected to an AC voltage”, IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 65-77, 1983 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TEI.1983.298585

R. Hancox, H. Tropper, “The breakdown of transformer oil under impulse voltages”, Proceedings of the IEE, Part A: Power Engineering, Vol. 105, No. 21, pp. 250-262, 1958 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1049/pi-a.1958.0046

J. L. Maksiejewski, H. Tropper, “Some factors affecting the measurement of the electric strength of organic liquids”, Proceedings of the IEE, Part II: Power Engineering, Vol. 101, No. 80, pp. 183-190, 1954 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1049/pi-2.1954.0033

P. Gazzana-Priaroggia, G. Palandri, “The influence on the oil dielectric strength of the gas pressure in equilibrium with the oil”, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Vol. 107, No. 11, pp. 884-886, 1960 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2427535

M. S. Naidu, V. Kamaraju, High Voltage Engineering, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, 2000

C. L. Wadhwa, High Voltage Engineering, New Age International (P) Limited, New Delhi, 2001

P. K. Watson, A. H. Sharbaugh, “High-field conduction currents in liquid n-hexane under microsecond pulse conditions”, Journal of Electrochemical Society, Vol. 107, No. 6, pp. 516-521, 1960 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2427734

A. H. Sharbaugh, P. K. Watson, Conduction and breakdown in liquid dielectrics, Progress in Dielectrics, Vol. 4, Academic Press Inc., New York, NY, USA, 1962

A. H. Sharbaugh, P. K. Watson, “The electric strength of hexane vapor and liquid in the critical region”, Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 943- 950, 1977 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.323713

A. Beroual, “Behavior of charged and uncharged bubbles in dielectric liquids subjected to electric stress”, Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 71, No. 3, pp. 1142-1145, 1992 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.351279

T. Aka-Ngnui, A. Beroual, “Bubble dynamics and transition into streamers in liquid dielectrics under a high divergent electric field”, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 34, pp. 1408-1412, 2001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/34/9/318

I. Timoshkin, S. MacGregor, M. M. Given, V. Atrazhev, V. Vorobev, “Critical parameters of gas cavities in dielectric liquids stressed with high electric fields”, Acta Physica Polonica A, Vol. 115, No. 5, pp. 1022-1024, 2009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12693/APhysPolA.115.1022

B. Farazmand, “Study of electric breakdown of liquid dielectrics using Schlieren optical techniques”, British Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 12, No. 5, pp. 251-254, 1961 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0508-3443/12/5/310

J. K. Nelson, P. B. McGrath, “Evidence for transitions in the prebreakdown mechanism of liquid dielectrics”, Proceedings of the IEE, Vol. 122, No. 12, pp. 1439-1442, 1975 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1049/piee.1975.0349

E. O. Forster, P. Wong, “High speed laser Schlieren studies of electrical breakdown in liquid hydrocarbons”, IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, Vol. 12, No. 6, pp. 435-442, 1977 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TEI.1977.297996

E. O. Forster, “Research in the dynamics of electrical breakdown in liquid dielectrics”, IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 182- 185, 1980 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TEI.1980.298311

S. Sakamoto, H. Yamada, “Optical study of conduction and breakdown in dielectric liquids”, IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 171-181, 1980 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TEI.1980.298310

F. M. Clark, “The role of dissolved gases in determining the behavior of mineral insulating oils”, Journal of the Franklin Institute, Vol. 215, No. 1, pp. 39-67, 1933 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-0032(33)90139-8

H. Tropper, “The effect of dissolved gases on the electrical conduction and breakdown of insulating oil”, Journal of Electrochemical Society, Vol. 108, No. 2, pp. 144-150, 1961 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2428030

K. C. Kao, J. P. C. McMath, “Time-dependent pressure effect in liquid dielectrics”, IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 64-68, 1970 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TEI.1970.299097

J. Kudelcik, M. Gutten, “Measurement of electrical parameters of breakdown in transformer oil”, Proceedings of the MEASUREMENT 7th International Conference, pp. 393-396, Smolenice, Slovakia, May 20-23, 2009

H. Frid, M. Becerra, “Simulation of microbubbles during the initial stages of breakdown in cyclohexane”, 2013 Annual Report on Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, Shenzhen, China, October 20-23, 2013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/CEIDP.2013.6748262

F. Jomni, F. Aitken, A. Denat, “Dynamics of microscopic bubbles generated by a corona discharge in insulating liquids: Influence of pressure”, Journal of Electrostatics, Vol. 47, pp. 49-59, 1999 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3886(99)00022-4

J. S. Eow, M. Ghadiri, A. Sharif, “Deformation and break-up of aqueous drops in dielectric liquids in high electric fields”, Journal of Electrostatics, Vol. 51-52, pp. 463-469, 2001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3886(01)00035-3

M. Talaat, A. El-Zein, “Analysis of air bubble deformation subjected to uniform electric field in liquid dielectric”, International Journal of Electromagnetics and Applications, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 4-10, 2012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5923/j.ijea.20120201.02

A. S. Tyuftyaev, M. Kh. Gadzhiev, M. A. Sargsyan, P. L. Akimov, N. A. Demirov, “The effect of gas bubbles on electrical breakdown in transformer oil”, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 774, 2016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/774/1/012202

D. A. Medvedev, A. L. Kupershtokh, A. A. Bukovets, “Dynamics of bubble in dielectric liquid in electric field: Mesoscopic simulation”, Proceedings of the 19th IEEE International Conference on Dielectric Liquids (ICDL), Manchester, UK, 25-29 June, 2017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDL.2017.8124685

D. P. Agoris, N. D. Hatziargyriou, “Approach to partial discharges development in closely coupled cavities embedded in solid dielectrics by the lamped capacitance model”, IEE Proceedings-A, Vol. 140, No. 2, pp. 131-134, 1993 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1049/ip-a-3.1993.0021

D. P. Agoris, N. D. Hatziargyriou, “A modelistic consideration of the interaction between discharges in cavities of solid dielectrics”, Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium in High Voltage Engineering (ISH), Yokohama, Japan, August 23-27, 1993

M. G. Danikas, “Partial discharge behavior of two (or more) adjacent cavities in polyethylene samples”, Journal of Electrical Engineering, Vol. 52, No. 1-2, pp. 36-39, 2001

K. C. Kao, J. B. Higham, “The effects of hydrostatic pressure, temperature and voltage duration on the electric strengths of hydrocarbon liquids”, Journal of Electrochemical Society, Vol. 108, No. 6, pp. 522-528, 1961 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2428128

M. G. Danikas, A study of the behavior of a uniaxially orientated polyethylene tape/oil insulating system subjected to electrical and thermal stresses, Ph.D. Thesis, University of London, Queen Mary College, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 1985

T. Bertula, V. Palva, E. Talvio, “Partial discharge measurement on oil-paper insulated transformers”, CIGRE REPORT, Paper 12-07, pp. 1-12, 1968

A. J. Pearmain, M. G. Danikas, “A study of the behavior of a uniaxially oriented polyethylene tape/oil insulating system subjected to electrical and thermal stresses", IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 373- 382, 1987 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TEI.1987.298896

M. G. Danikas, "Study of samples of a composite insulating system under electrical and thermal stresses”, IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 18-23, 1990 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/57.45980

[52] M. G. Danikas, Factors affecting the breakdown strength of transformer oil, M. Sc. Thesis, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 1982

S. Ogata, T. Yoshida, H. Shinohara, “Small air bubble formation in insulating liquids under strong non-uniform electric field”, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 411-412, 1979 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1143/JJAP.18.411

M. E. Zein El-Dine, H. Tropper, “The electric strength of transformer oil”, Proceedings of the IEE, Vol. 103, Pt. C, pp. 35-45, 1956 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1049/pi-c.1956.0004

V. M. Atrazhev, V. S. Vorobev, I. V. Timoshkin, S. J. MacGregor, M. J. Given, M. P. Wilson, T. Wang, “Breakdown processes in gas micro-bubbles in liquids under electric stress”, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, Vol. 19, No. 5, pp. 1552-1558, 2012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2012.6311500

R. Badent, Modell der elektronendominanten Streamerentladung in Isolieroel, Ph. D. Thesis, Universitaet Karlsruhe, Institut fuer Elektroenergiesysteme und Hochspannungstechnik (IEH), 1996

H. Du, S. Pancheshnyi, A. Krivda, “Deformation of air and water bubbles in mineral oil under electric field”, Proceedings of 22nd International Symposium on Plasma Chemistry, Antwerp, Belgium, July 5-10, 2015,

D. Cai, L. Liu, G.-X. Cheng, Q. Zhang, X.-L. Zhao, Q. Zhao, “Bubble motion in transformer oil under non-uniform electric fields”, Chinese Physics Letters, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 037701/1 – 037701/5, 2013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0256-307X/30/3/037701

W. R. Wilson, A. L. Streater, E. J. Tuohy, “Application of volume theory of dielectric strength of oil circuit breakers”, Transactions of the AIEE, Vol. 74, pp. 677-688, 1955 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/AIEEPAS.1955.4499133

M. G. Danikas, “Breakdown of transformer oil”, IEEE Electrical Insulation, Vol. 6, No. 5, pp. 27-34, 1990 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/57.63080

J. D. Cross, “Breakdown across a dielectric spacer in insulating oil and the role of electrodynamics in liquid breakdown”, IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, Vol. 17, No. 6, pp. 493-498, 1982 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TEI.1982.298523

C. Qin, Y. He, B. Shi, T. Zhao, F. Lv, X. Cheng, “Experimental study on breakdown characteristics of transformer oil influence by bubbles”, Energies, Vol. 11, pp. 1-11, 2018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en11030634

J. Gerhold, “Dielectric breakdown of cryogenic gases and liquids”, Cryogenics, Vol. 19, No. 10, pp. 571-584, 1979 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-2275(79)90030-4

M. Blaz, M. Kurrat, “Studies of breakdowns in liquid nitrogen at different pressures between Rogowski electrodes”, Physics Procedia, Vol. 36, pp. 1330- 1336, 2012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2012.06.300

S. Fink, H. R. Kim, R. Mueller, M. Noe, V. Zwecker, “AC breakdown voltage of liquid nitrogen depending on gas bubbles and pressure”, Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on High Voltage Engineering and Application, Poznan, Poland, September 8-11, 2014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICHVE.2014.7035445

A. von Hippel, “Electric breakdown of solid and liquid insulators”, Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 8, pp. 815-832, 1937 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1710258

T. W. Dakin, D. Berg, “Luminous spots on electrodes in insulating oil gaps”, Nature, Vol. 184, p. 120, 1959 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/184120a0

I. Adamczewski, Ionization, conductivity and breakdown in dielectric liquids, Taylor & Francis, London, UK, 1969

T. J. Lewis, “Molecular structure and the electrical strength of liquid hydrocarbons”, Journal of Electrochemical Society, Vol. 107, pp. 185-191, 1960 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2427648

A. Mukhtaruddin, M. Isa, M. Mohd Noor, M. Rafi Adzman, B. Ismail, M. N. K. H. Rohani, M. F. Ain, “Simulation of conditions affecting partial discharge partial discharge initiation in microbubble immersed in dielectric liquid”, Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences & Engineering), Vol. 80, No. 6, pp. 69-75, 2018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v80.12061

A. A. Zaky, I. Y. Megahed, C. Evangelou, “The effect of organic additives on the breakdown and gassing properties of mineral oils”, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 9, pp. 841-850, 1976 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/9/5/017

S. Islam, Md. Selim Hossain, Md. Farhamdur Reza, Md. Mamunur Rashid, “Experimental investigation of insulating properties of vegetable oil under high voltage”, European Journal of Engineering Research and Science, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 17-23, 2019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.1.1047

N. Yu Babaeva, D. V. Tereshonok, G. V. Naidis, B. M. Smirnov, “Initiation of breakdown in strings of bubbles immersed in transformer oil and water: string orientation and proximity of bubbles”, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 49, 2016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/49/2/025202

J. K. Nelson, B. Salvage, W. Sharpley, “Electric strength of transformer oil for large electrode areas”, Proceedings of the IEE, Vol. 118, pp. 388-393, 1971 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1049/piee.1971.0071

M. G. Danikas, “Breakdown in nanofluids: A short review on experimental results and related mechanisms”, Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, Vol. 8, No. 5, pp. 3300-3309, 2018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.2136

Downloads

How to Cite

[1]
Danikas, M. 2019. Bubbles in Insulating Liquids: A Short Review. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research. 9, 6 (Dec. 2019), 4870–4875. DOI:https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.3009.

Metrics

Abstract Views: 922
PDF Downloads: 1078

Metrics Information

Most read articles by the same author(s)

1 2 3 > >>