GIS-based Flood Risk Mapping: The Case Study of Kosi River Basin, Bihar, India
Received: 27 September 2022 | Revised: 1 November 2022 and 6 November 2022 | Accepted: 7 November 2022 | Online: 22 November 2022
Corresponding author: Niraj Kumar
Abstract
Flood risk mapping aims to create an easily read and rapidly accessible map to prioritize the mitigation effects. This study presents an empirical approach to flood risk mapping through the integration of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques. SRTM 30m DEM is processed using ArcGIS 10.3 software. The study methodology includes the selection of the study area, the identification of the factors responsible for flood and collection of the required data, the generation of the desired thematic layers, and their integration to produce the flood risk map. Geomorphic, hydrologic, and socio-economic analyses are carried out to generate the thematic layers, namely slope, district`s distance to active stream, highest elevation, drainage density, rainfall, population density, and land use-land cover. AHP is used to determine the relative impact weight of the thematic layers. The influence of each thematic layer and the scale values provided based on the weights and score calculated by the AHP are used to integrate the layers in GIS environment to prepare the flood risk map. Consistency ratios are determined from the judgment process to validate the reliability of the proposed approach and results. The study classified the area falling in the basin under different risk zones with Purnia and Madhepura having large areas under high risk. This study may aid decision and policymakers in the evaluation and rapid assessment of flooding phenomena in the region.
Keywords:
flood, risk, geomorphic, hydrologic, socio-economic, AHP, SRTM, GISDownloads
References
S. N. Jonkman, "Global Perspectives on Loss of Human Life Caused by Floods," Natural Hazards, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 151–175, Feb. 2005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-004-8891-3
S. I. Khan et al., "Satellite Remote Sensing and Hydrologic Modeling for Flood Inundation Mapping in Lake Victoria Basin: Implications for Hydrologic Prediction in Ungauged Basins," IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 85–95, Jan. 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2010.2057513
C. Clark, "Deforestation and Floods," Environmental Conservation, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 67–69, 1987. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892900011127
Z. W. Kundzewicz et al., "Flood risk and climate change: global and regional perspectives," Hydrological Sciences Journal, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 1–28, Jan. 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2013.857411
L. Kumar et al., "Analysis of Groundwater Quality Parameter of Hand-Dug Well and Their Health Risk Assessment of Study Area Tharpakar," International Journal of Modern Research in Engineering & Management, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 41–48, May 2019.
V. Kumar et al., "GIS-Based Analysis of a Rainwater Harvesting System in the Multipurpose Hall of Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science, and Technology," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 8837–8842, Aug. 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.4995
Malsawmtluanga and C. Vabeihmo, "Assessment of Flood Hazard Zonation Using Geographic Information System and Analytical Hierarchy Process: A Case Study of Tlawng River Watershed in Sairang, Mizoram, India," Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 101–109, Mar. 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46488/NEPT.2022.v21i01.011
S. Jonkman and R. Dawson, "Issues and Challenges in Flood Risk Management—Editorial for the Special Issue on Flood Risk Management," Water, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 785–792, Oct. 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/w4040785
R. W. Kates and J. X. Kasperson, "Comparative risk analysis of technological hazards (a review).," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 80, no. 22, pp. 7027–7038, Nov. 1983. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.80.22.7027
Y. O. Ouma and R. Tateishi, "Urban Flood Vulnerability and Risk Mapping Using Integrated Multi-Parametric AHP and GIS: Methodological Overview and Case Study Assessment," Water, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 1515–1545, Jun. 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/w6061515
A. Ghosh and S. Kar, "Application of analytical hierarchy process (AHP) for flood risk assessment: a case study in Malda district of West Bengal, India," Natural Hazards, vol. 94, pp. 349–368, Oct. 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-018-3392-y
N. Kazakis, I. Kougias, and T. Patsialis, "Assessment of flood hazard areas at a regional scale using an index-based approach and Analytical Hierarchy Process: Application in Rhodope–Evros region, Greece," Science of The Total Environment, vol. 538, pp. 555–563, Dec. 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.055
K. Loumi and A. Redjem, "Integration of GIS and Hierarchical Multi-Criteria Analysis for Mapping Flood Vulnerability: The Case Study of M’sila, Algeria," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 7381–7385, Aug. 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.4266
A. A. Ghezelsofloo and M. Hajibigloo, "Application of Flood Hazard Potential Zoning by using AHP Algorithm," Civil Engineering Research Journal, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 150–159, Feb. 2020.
B. Büchele et al., "Flood-risk mapping: contributions towards an enhanced assessment of extreme events and associated risks," Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 485–503, Jun. 2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-6-485-2006
B. Das, S. C. Pal, and S. Malik, "Assessment of flood hazard in a riverine tract between Damodar and Dwarkeswar River, Hugli District, West Bengal, India," Spatial Information Research, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 91–101, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41324-017-0157-8
P. Dash and J. Sar, "Identification and validation of potential flood hazard area using GIS-based multi-criteria analysis and satellite data-derived water index," Journal of Flood Risk Management, vol. 13, no. 3, 2020, Art. no. e12620. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12620
R. S. Ajin, R. R. Krishnamurthy, M. Jayaprakash, and P. G. Vinod, "Flood hazard assessment of Vamanapuram River Basin, Kerala, India: An approach using Remote Sensing & GIS techniques," Advances in Applied Science Research, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 263–274, May 2013.
K. S. Vignesh, I. Anandakumar, R. Ranjan, and D. Borah, "Flood vulnerability assessment using an integrated approach of multi-criteria decision-making model and geospatial techniques," Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 767–781, Jun. 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-00997-2
T. G. Gebremicael et al., "Satellite-based rainfall estimates evaluation using a parsimonious hydrological model in the complex climate and topography of the Nile River Catchments," Atmospheric Research, vol. 266, Mar. 2022, Art. no. 105939. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105939
L. Kumar et al., "Assessment of physicochemical parameters in groundwater quality of desert area (Tharparkar) of Pakistan," Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, vol. 6, Dec. 2022, Art. no. 100232. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscee.2022.100232
T. L. Saaty, The Analytic Hierarchy Process: Planning, Priority Setting, Resource Allocation. New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill, 1980.
S. Joel, M. L. Ernest, and A. Ajapnwa, "Application of Analytic Hierarchy Process Decision Model for Solid Waste Management Strategy in Yaoundé, Cameroon," The Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 502–517, Nov. 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5276/JSWTM/2019.502
T. Hazra, B. Maitra, and S. Goel, "Development and Application of a Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) Tool for Solid Waste Management: Kolkata as a Case Study," in Advances in Solid and Hazardous Waste Management, S. Goel, Ed. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017, pp. 275–299. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57076-1_14
T. L. Dammalage and N. T. Jayasinghe, "Land-Use Change and Its Impact on Urban Flooding: A Case Study on Colombo District Flood on May 2016," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 3887–3891, Apr. 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.2578
C. V. Gole and S. V. Chitale, "Inland Delta Building Activity of Kosi River," Journal of the Hydraulics Division, vol. 92, no. 2, pp. 111–126, Mar. 1966. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/JYCEAJ.0001406
N. A. Wells and J. A. Dorr Jr., "Shifting of the Kosi River, northern India," Geology, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 204–207, Mar. 1987. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<204:SOTKRN>2.0.CO;2
T. Chakraborty, R. Kar, P. Ghosh, and S. Basu, "Kosi megafan: Historical records, geomorphology and the recent avulsion of the Kosi River," Quaternary International, vol. 227, no. 2, pp. 143–160, Nov. 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2009.12.002
N. Kumar and R. Jha, "Morphometric Analysis of Kosi River Basin, Bihar, India Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques," in Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources: Hydraulics, Water Resources and Coastal Engineering, R. Jha, V. P. Singh, V. Singh, L. B. Roy, and R. Thendiyath, Eds. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021, pp. 469–481. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64202-0_40
Downloads
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Niraj Kumar, Ramakar Jha
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) after its publication in ETASR with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
