A Qualitative Approach for Enhancing Fundus Images with Novel CLAHE Methods
Received: 7 November 2024 | Revised: 28 November 2024, 4 December 2024, and 10 December 2024 | Accepted: 14 December 2024 | Online: 31 December 2024
Corresponding author: P. Lalitha Surya Kumari
Abstract
Glaucoma is a progressive eye disease. This study presents a custom technique to enhance retinal fundus images to detect glaucoma. Contrast enhancement is a crucial stage in medical image analysis to improve the visual impression of diseases. CLAHE is a common technique to improve images. Clip Limit (CL) and subimages may restrict the potential benefits of the typical approach and pose difficulties. This study introduces Enhanced CLAHE and Automated CLAHE to address the shortcomings of the base method. These methods demonstrate progress in improving retinal landmarks in various ways by looking directly at the in-depth description of retinal images. The proposed methods, along with the baseline CLAHE, were compared using quality assessment tools such as the Peak-Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR). The results help to determine the degree of contrast enhancement and the overall richness of the image.
Keywords:
CLAHE, enhanced-CLAHE, auto-CLAHE, glaucoma, image enhancement, PSNRDownloads
References
R. C. Gonzalez and R. E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Prentice Hall, 2002.
P. J. Saine and M. E. Tyler, Ophthalmic Photography: Retinal Photography, Angiography, and Electronic Imaging, 2nd ed. Boston, MA, USA: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2001.
D. Wong, "Fundus photography and fluorescein angiography," Journal of Ophthalmic Photography, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 37–45, Aug. 1979.
M. H. A. Fadzil, H. A. Nugroho, H. Nugroho, and I. L. Iznita, "Contrast Enhancement of Retinal Vasculature in Digital Fundus Image," in 2009 International Conference on Digital Image Processing, Bangkok, Thailand, Mar. 2009, pp. 137–141.
P. Choukikar, A. K. Patel, and R. S. Mishra, "Segmenting the optic disc in retinal images using thresholding," International Journal of Computer Applications, vol. 94, no. 11, 2014.
H. A. Rahim, A. S. Ibrahim, W. M. D. W. Zaki, and A. Hussain, "Methods to enhance digital fundus image for diabetic retinopathy detection," in 2014 IEEE 10th International Colloquium on Signal Processing and its Applications, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Mar. 2014, pp. 221–224.
K. A. Goatman, A. D. Fleming, S. Philip, G. J. Williams, J. A. Olson, and P. F. Sharp, "Detection of New Vessels on the Optic Disc Using Retinal Photographs," IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 972–979, Apr. 2011.
A. Huertas and G. Medioni, "Detection of Intensity Changes with Subpixel Accuracy Using Laplacian-Gaussian Masks," IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. PAMI-8, no. 5, pp. 651–664, Sep. 1986.
X. J. Jing, N. Yu, and Y. Shang, "Image filtering based on mathematical morphology and visual perception principle," Chinese Journal of Electronics, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 612–616, 2004.
F. Ortiz and F. Torres, "Vectorial morphological reconstruction for brightness elimination in colour images," Real-Time Imaging, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 379–387, Dec. 2004.
X. Bai, F. Zhou, and B. Xue, "Image enhancement using multi scale image features extracted by top-hat transform," Optics & Laser Technology, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 328–336, Mar. 2012.
Y. Yang, Z. Su, and L. Sun, "Medical image enhancement algorithm based on wavelet transform," Electronics Letters, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 120–121, Jan. 2010.
S. A. Amiri and H. Hassanpour, "A preprocessing approach for image analysis using gamma correction," International Journal of Computer Applications, vol. 38, no. 12, pp. 38–46, 2012.
J. Majumdar and S. Kumar, "Modified CLAHE: An adaptive algorithm for contrast enhancement of aerial, medical and underwater images," International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), vol. 11, pp. 32–47, 2014.
M.. Farhan Khan, E. Khan, and Z. A. Abbasi, "Multi Segment Histogram Equalization for Brightness Preserving Contrast Enhancement," in Advances in Computer Science, Engineering & Applications, New Delhi, India, 2012, pp. 193–202.
K. Hasikin and N. A. M. Isa, "Fuzzy image enhancement for low contrast and non-uniform illumination images," in 2013 IEEE International Conference on Signal and Image Processing Applications, Melaka, Malaysia, Oct. 2013, pp. 275–280.
G. Raju and M. S. Nair, "A fast and efficient color image enhancement method based on fuzzy-logic and histogram," AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications, vol. 68, no. 3, pp. 237–243, Mar. 2014.
T. Kauppi et al., "The DIARETDB1 diabetic retinopathy database and evaluation protocol," in Proceedings of the British Machine Vision Conference 2007, Warwick, 2007.
"DRIVE - Grand Challenge." [Online]. Available: https://drive.grand-challenge.org/.
"DRIVE Digital Retinal Images for Vessel Extraction." Kaggle, [Online]. Available: https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/andrewmvd/drive-digital-retinal-images-for-vessel-extraction.
S. S. Mahmood, S. Chaabouni, and A. Fakhfakh, "Improving Automated Detection of Cataract Disease through Transfer Learning using ResNet50," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 17541–17547, Oct. 2024.
Z. S. Alzamil, "Advancing Eye Disease Assessment through Deep Learning: A Comparative Study with Pre-Trained Models," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 14579–14587, Jun. 2024.
A. Sarhan, J. Rokne, and R. Alhajj, "Glaucoma detection using image processing techniques: A literature review," Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics, vol. 78, Dec. 2019, Art. no. 101657.
A. Shoukat, S. Akbar, S. A. E. Hassan, A. Rehman, and N. Ayesha, "An Automated Deep Learning Approach to Diagnose Glaucoma using Retinal Fundus Images," in 2021 International Conference on Frontiers of Information Technology (FIT), Islamabad, Pakistan, Dec. 2021, pp. 120–125.
Downloads
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Vijaya Madhavi Vuppu, P. Lalitha Surya Kumari

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) after its publication in ETASR with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.