Electrocardiogram Signal Classification for Heart Disease Identification
Received: 7 March 2025 | Revised: 2 April 2025 and 14 April 2025 | Accepted: 19 April 2025 | Online: 31 May 2025
Corresponding author: Hieu Nguyen
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are among the leading causes of death worldwide, and diagnosing them based on Electrocardiogram (ECG) signals traditionally requires highly experienced doctors. However, with advancements in artificial intelligence, machine learning models have been increasingly used to assist in diagnosing cardiovascular diseases without the need for direct doctor evaluation. Identifying heart disease through ECG signals presents several challenges, such as measurement noise and the continuous nature of ECG data. In this paper, we propose a method to address these challenges and achieve high diagnostic efficiency. To evaluate our approach, we utilize the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia Database. Experimental results demonstrate that our algorithm can classify ECG signals into five categories with significantly higher accuracy compared to previous methods.
Keywords:
heart disease identification, electrocardiogram signal, classificationDownloads
References
G. R. Dagenais et al., "Variations in common diseases, hospital admissions, and deaths in middle-aged adults in 21 countries from five continents (PURE): a prospective cohort study," The Lancet, vol. 395, no. 10226, pp. 785–794, Mar. 2020.
H. C. Chen and S. W. Chen, "A moving average based filtering system with its application to real-time QRS detection," in Computers in Cardiology, 2003, Thessaloniki Chalkidiki, Greece, 2003, pp. 585–588.
J. Pan and W. J. Tompkins, "A Real-Time QRS Detection Algorithm," IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. BME-32, no. 3, pp. 230–236, Mar. 1985.
L. Sathyapriya, L. Murali, and T. Manigandan, "Analysis and detection R-peak detection using Modified Pan-Tompkins algorithm," in 2014 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Communications, Control and Computing Technologies, Ramanathapuram, India, May 2014, pp. 483–487.
Y. Wang, W. Wu, Q. Zhu, and G. She, "Discrete Wavelet Transfom for Nonstationary Signal Processing," in Discrete Wavelet Transforms - Theory and Applications, J. T. Olkkonen, Ed. InTech, 2011.
G. Tzanetakis, G. Essl, and P. Cook, "Audio analysis using the discrete wavelet transform," in Proceedings of the WSES International Conference Acoustics and Music: Theory and Applications (AMTA 2001), Jan. 2001, pp. 318-323.
M. Alam, Md. I. Islam, and M. R. Amin, "Performance Comparison of STFT, WT, LMS and RLS Adaptive Algorithms in Denoising of Speech Signal," International Journal of Engineering and Technology, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 235–238, 2011.
J. Malmivuo and R. Plonsey, BioelectromagnetismPrinciples and Applications of Bioelectric and Biomagnetic Fields. Oxford University Press, 1995.
O. Adeluyi and J.A. Lee, "R-reader: A lightweight algorithm for rapid detection of ecg signal r-peaks," in 2011 2nd International Conference on Engineering and Industries (ICEI), Seogwipo, South Korea, 2011, pp. 1-5.
R. Mabrouki, B. Khaddoumi, and M. Sayadi, "R peak detection in electrocardiogram signal based on a combination between empirical mode decomposition and Hilbert transform," in 2014 1st International Conference on Advanced Technologies for Signal and Image Processing (ATSIP), Sousse, Tunisia, Mar. 2014, pp. 183–187.
M. Elgendi, M. Jonkman, and F. De Boer, "R wave detection using Coiflets wavelets," in 2009 IEEE 35th Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference, Cambridge, MA, USA, Apr. 2009, pp. 1–2.
M. Elgendi, "TERMA Framework for Biomedical Signal Analysis: An Economic-Inspired Approach," Biosensors, vol. 6, no. 4, Nov. 2016, Art. no. 55.
S. Aziz, S. Ahmed, and M.S. Alouini, "ECG-based machine-learning algorithms for heartbeat classification," Scientific Reports, vol. 11, no. 1, Sep. 2021, Art. no. 18738.
M. Elgendi, "Fast QRS Detection with an Optimized Knowledge-Based Method: Evaluation on 11 Standard ECG Databases," PLoS ONE, vol. 8, no. 9, Sep. 2013, Art. no. e73557.
M. Elgendi, M. Meo, and D. Abbott, "A Proof-of-Concept Study: Simple and Effective Detection of P and T Waves in Arrhythmic ECG Signals," Bioengineering, vol. 3, no. 4, Oct. 2016, Art. no. 26.
Q. Qin, J. Li, Y. Yue, and C. Liu, "An Adaptive and Time-Efficient ECG R-Peak Detection Algorithm," Journal of Healthcare Engineering, vol. 2017, pp. 1–14, 2017.
Q. Xiao et al., "Deep Learning-Based ECG Arrhythmia Classification: A Systematic Review," Applied Sciences, vol. 13, no. 8, Apr. 2023, Art. no. 4964.
M. Hassaballah, Y. M. Wazery, I. E. Ibrahim, and A. Farag, "ECG Heartbeat Classification Using Machine Learning and Metaheuristic Optimization for Smart Healthcare Systems," Bioengineering, vol. 10, no. 4, Mar. 2023, Art. no. 429.
M. Kachuee, S. Fazeli, and M. Sarrafzadeh, "ECG Heartbeat Classification: A Deep Transferable Representation," in 2018 IEEE International Conference on Healthcare Informatics (ICHI), New York, NY, Jun. 2018, pp. 443–444.
M. Guanglong, W. Xiangqing, and Y. Junsheng, "ECG Signal Classification Algorithm Based on Fusion Features," Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 1207, Apr. 2019, Art. no. 012003.
T. Li and M. Zhou, "ECG Classification Using Wavelet Packet Entropy and Random Forests," Entropy, vol. 18, no. 8, Aug. 2016, Art. no. 285.
M. Tounsi, H. Ali, A. T. Azar, A. Al-Khayyat, and I. K. Ibraheem, "Comprehensive Learning Salp Swarm Algorithm with Ensemble Deep Learning-based ECG Signal Classification on Internet of Things Environment," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 19492–19500, Feb. 2025.
P. De Chazal, M. O’Dwyer, and R. B. Reilly, "Automatic Classification of Heartbeats Using ECG Morphology and Heartbeat Interval Features," IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 51, no. 7, pp. 1196–1206, Jul. 2004.
W. Zhang, L. Yu, L. Ye, W. Zhuang, and F. Ma, "ECG Signal Classification with Deep Learning for Heart Disease Identification," in 2018 International Conference on Big Data and Artificial Intelligence (BDAI), Beijing, Jun. 2018, pp. 47–51.
M. Wu, Y. Lu, W. Yang, and S. Y. Wong, "A Study on Arrhythmia via ECG Signal Classification Using the Convolutional Neural Network," Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience, vol. 14, Jan. 2021, Art. no. 564015.
G. B. Moody and R. G. Mark, "The impact of the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia Database," IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 45–50, Jun. 2001.
MIT-BIH Arrhythmia Database version 1.0.0. (2005), G. Moody, R. Mark. [Online]. Available: https://physionet.org/content/mitdb/1.0.0/.
S. Mallat, "Zero-crossings of a wavelet transform," IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 1019–1033, Jul. 1991.
S. G. Mallat, "A theory for multiresolution signal decomposition: the wavelet representation," IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 11, no. 7, pp. 674–693, Jul. 1989.
C. Alvarado, J. Arregui, J. Ramos, and R. Pallas-Areny, "Automatic Detection of ECG Ventricular Activity Waves using Continuous Spline Wavelet Transform," in 2005 2nd International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Mexico City, Mexico, 2005, pp. 189–192.
E. Tsalera, A. Papadakis, and M. Samarakou, "Comparison of Pre-Trained CNNs for Audio Classification Using Transfer Learning," Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks, vol. 10, no. 4, Dec. 2021, Art. no. 72.
G. Vega-Martinez, C. Alvarado-Serrano, and L. Leija-Salas, "ECG baseline drift removal using discrete wavelet transform," in 2011 8th International Conference on Electrical Engineering, Computing Science and Automatic Control, Merida City, Mexico, Oct. 2011, pp. 1–5.
L. Moreno-Barón et al., "Application of the wavelet transform coupled with artificial neural networks for quantification purposes in a voltammetric electronic tongue," Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, vol. 113, no. 1, pp. 487–499, Jan. 2006.
Downloads
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Minh Phung, Hieu Nguyen, Linh Tran

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) after its publication in ETASR with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.