The Flexural Behavior of One-Way Concrete Bubbled Slabs Reinforced by GFRP-Bars with Embedded Steel I-Sections
Received: 29 April 2024 | Revised: 27 May 2024 and 31 May 2024 | Accepted: 16 June 2024 | Online: 2 August 2024
Corresponding author: Ali Hussein Al-Ahmed
Abstract
This study examines the behavior of polymer bubbled deck slab systems, one-way concrete slabs with polymer sphere voids reinforced with Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) rebars, and embedded I-shaped steel beams. Six one-way structural concrete slabs (2600 mm long, 600 mm wide, 150 mm deep) were tested and directly supported under two points bending. Five Bubbled Slabs (BS), one of which was un-strengthened, were compared to the reference Solid Slab (SS) without polymer spheres. Each slab had 95 polymer sphere voids of 90 mm diameter and 15.48% self-weight decrease. Several parameters, including specimen type (SS or BS) and internal strengthening, were optimized using steel I-shapes in two distinct forms (2 and 4 pcs. of steel I-sections). Channel Shear Connectors (CSCs) and bent-up steel bars (10 mm in diameter) were implemented to increase shear resistance, with the 4I-section form having a cross-sectional area equivalent to the 2I-section form. In contrast to the SS, the BS exhibited a wider range of deformations during the same loading stage, with ultimate load capacity decreasing by 30% and deflection occurring at a greater ratio of approximately 18% to 85%. Additionally, the embedded steel I-shapes improved specimen performance compared to BS and SS. This occurred by reducing deflection at a service load by 60% and 49%, eliminating cracks, improving ultimate load capacity by 85% and 30%, and enhancing flexural stiffness by 102% and 71%, respectively, at the ultimate loading stage. CSC increased ultimate load by 13% to 22% and deflection by 8% to 15%, compared to specimens without CSC.
Keywords:
embedded steel I-sections, bubbled slabs, flexural strength, one-way slabs, spherical voids, internal strengthening, deflection, Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) barsDownloads
References
B. G. Bhade and S. M. Barelikar, "An Experimental Study on Two Way Bubble Deck Slab with Spherical Hollow Balls," International Journal of Recent Scientific Research, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 11621-11626, June,2016.
N. Oukaili and H. Yaseen, "Effect of prestressing force on performance of polymer bubbled deck slabs," in The 7th International Conference on FRP Composites in Civil Engineering, Vancouver, BC, Canada, Aug. 2014, pp. 1–6.
C. Marais, "Design Adjustment Factors and the Economical Applications of Concrete Flat-Slabs with Internal Spherical Voids in South Africa," M.S. thesis, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, 2009.
N. Oukaili and H. H. Yasseen, "Experimental Investigations on the Strength and Serviceability of Biaxial Hollow Concrete Slabs," Journal of Engineering, vol. 22, no. 11, pp. 36–54, Nov. 2016.
N. Oukaili, H. Merie, A. Allawi, and G. Wardeh, "Reduced Volume Approach to Evaluate Biaxial Bubbled Slabs’ Resistance to Punching Shear," Buildings, vol. 14, no. 3, Mar. 2024, Art. no. 676.
D. H. Al-Rashedi and A. H. A. Al-Ahmed, "Two-Way Bubbled Slabs Strengthened by Prestressing Strands," IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 901, no. 1, Dec. 2020, Art. no. 012011.
T. Lai, "Structural behavior of BubbleDeck® slabs and their application to lightweight bridge decks," M.S. thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA, 2010.
S. Calin and C. Asavoaie, "Method for bubble deck concrete slab with gaps," Buletinul Institutului Politehnic din lasi, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 63–70, 2009.
V. Abishek and G. R. Iyappan, "Study on Flexural Behavior of Bubble Deck Slab Strengthened with FRP," Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 2040, no. 1, Jul. 2021, Art. no. 012018.
A. S. Mahdi and S. D. Mohammed, "Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Bubbles Distribution Influence in BubbleDeck Slab under Harmonic Load Effect," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 6645–6649, Feb. 2021.
M. Abas Golham and A. H. A. Al-Ahmed, "Behavior of GFRP reinforced concrete slabs with openings strengthened by CFRP strips," Results in Engineering, vol. 18, Jun. 2023, Art. no. 101033.
A. Wiater and T. Siwowski, "Serviceability and ultimate behaviour of GFRP reinforced lightweight concrete slabs: Experimental test versus code prediction," Composite Structures, vol. 239, May 2020, Art. no. 112020.
Y. Zheng, C. Li, and G. Yu, "Investigation of structural behaviours of laterally restrained GFRP reinforced concrete slabs," Composites Part B: Engineering, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 1586–1597, Apr. 2012.
A. Veljkovic, V. Carvelli, and M. Rezazadeh, "Modelling the bond in GFRP bar reinforced concrete thin structural members," Structures, vol. 24, pp. 13–26, Apr. 2020.
M. A. Issa, A. A. Allawi, and N. Oukaili, "Effects of GFRP Stirrup Spacing on the Behavior of Doubly GFRP-Reinforced Concrete Beams," Civil Engineering Journal, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 502–520, Feb. 2024.
M. A. Golham and A. H. A. Al-Ahmed, "Strengthening of GFRP Reinforced Concrete Slabs with Openings," Journal of Engineering, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 157–172, Jan. 2024.
M. A. Adam, A. M. Erfan, F. A. Habib, and T. A. El-Sayed, "Structural Behavior of High-Strength Concrete Slabs Reinforced with GFRP Bars," Polymers, vol. 13, no. 17, Jan. 2021, Art. no. 2997.
H. A. Hasan, H. Karim, H. A. Goaiz, A. M. Cabe, M. N. Sheikh, and M. N. S. Hadi, "Performance evaluation of normal- and high-strength concrete column specimens reinforced longitudinally with different ratios of GFRP bars," Structures, vol. 47, pp. 1428–1440, Jan. 2023.
S. A. Mohammed and A. I. Said, "Analysis of concrete beams reinforced by GFRP bars with varying parameters," Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 767–774, Jan. 2022.
A. Said and O. M. Abbas, "Evaluation of Deflection in High Strength Concrete (HSC)I-beam Reinforced with Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) Bars," in The 7th Asia Pacific Young Researchers and Graduates Symposium, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Aug. 2015, pp. 519–533.
A. Ramachandra Murthy, DM. Pukazhendhi, S. Vishnuvardhan, M. Saravanan, and P. Gandhi, "Performance of concrete beams reinforced with GFRP bars under monotonic loading," Structures, vol. 27, pp. 1274–1288, Oct. 2020.
S. I. Ali and A. A. Allawi, "Effect of Web Stiffeners on The Flexural Behavior of Composite GFRP- Concrete Beam Under Impact Load," Journal of Engineering, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 76–92, Feb. 2021.
A. W. Naqe and A. H. Al-zuhairi, "Strengthening of RC Beam with Large Square Opening Using CFRP," Journal of Engineering, vol. 26, no. 10, pp. 123–134, Oct. 2020.
M. Y. Alabdulhady, M. F. Ojaimi, and A. H. Chkheiwer, "The efficiency of CFRP strengthening and repair system on the flexural behavior of RC beams constructed with different concrete compressive strength," Results in Engineering, vol. 16, Dec. 2022, Art. no. 100763.
M. Issa, A. Allawi, and N. Oukaili, "Performance of doubly reinforced concrete beams with GFRP bars," Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials, vol. 33, Jan. 2024, Art. no. 20220308.
T. H. Ibrahim, A. A. Allawi, and A. El-Zohairy, "Experimental and FE analysis of composite RC beams with encased pultruded GFRP I-beam under static loads," Advances in Structural Engineering, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 516–532, Feb. 2023.
H. Falah, Ibrahim, and A. Al-Ahmed, "Strengthening of Cracked One-Way Reinforced Concrete Bubbled Slabs using External Strands," Design Engineering, vol. 3, pp. 60–78, Mar. 2021.
R. Mathew and P. Binu, "CFRP Strips on Punching Shear Strength Development of Bubble Deck Slab," International Journal of Advanced Research Trends in Engineering and Technology, vol. 2, no. 9, pp. 1–5, 2015.
J. Jamal and V. Vijayan, "A Study on Strengthening of Bubble Deck Slab With Elliptical Balls by Using GFRP Sheets," International Journal for Scientific Research & Development, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 659–663, 2018.
W. D. Salman, "Flexural behavior of bubbled reinforced concrete slabs," Ph.D. dissertation, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq, 2012.
W. A. Waryosh and H. H. Hashim, "Rehabilitation of Fire Damage Reinforced Concrete Bubbled Slabs," Journal of Global Scientific Research, vol. 1, pp. 278–288, 2020.
S. S. Aman, B. S. Mohammed, M. A. Wahab, and A. Anwar, "Performance of Reinforced Concrete Slab with Opening Strengthened Using CFRP," Fibers, vol. 8, no. 4, Apr. 2020, Art. no. 25.
K. Attia, W. Alnahhal, A. Elrefai, and Y. Rihan, "Flexural behavior of basalt fiber-reinforced concrete slab strips reinforced with BFRP and GFRP bars," Composite Structures, vol. 211, pp. 1–12, Mar. 2019.
R. Shamass and K. A. Cashell, "Experimental investigation into the flexural behaviour of basalt FRP reinforced concrete members," Engineering Structures, vol. 220, Oct. 2020, Art. no. 110950.
S. H. Al-Tersawy and M. A. Ghanem, "Ductility and Flexural Behavior of One Way Concrete Slabs Reinforced With Local Gfrp Rebars: an Experimental and Analytical Study," Engineering Research Journal, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 95–106, Jan. 2014.
ACI440.1R-15, Guide for the Design and Construction of Structural Concrete Reinforced with Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Bars. Farmington Hills, MI, USA: American Concrete Institute, 2015.
A. A. Al-Azzawi and S. H. Mtashar, "Behavior of two-way reinforced concrete voided slabs enhanced by steel fibers and GFRP sheets under repeated loading," Results in Engineering, vol. 17, Mar. 2023, Art. no. 100872.
Downloads
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Mohannad Abdulkhaliq, Ali Hussein Al-Ahmed
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) after its publication in ETASR with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
