A Review of Ground Target Detection and Classification Techniques in Forward Scattering Radars

Authors

  • M. E. A. Kanona School of Telecommunication, Future University, Khartoum, Sudan
  • M. G. Hamza School of Telecommunication, Future University, Khartoum, Sudan
  • A. G. Abdalla School of Telecommunication, Future University, Khartoum, Sudan
  • M. K. Hassan Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia

Abstract

This paper presents a review of target detection and classification in forward scattering radar (FSR) which is a special state of bistatic radars, designed to detect and track moving targets in the narrow region along the transmitter-receiver base line. FSR has advantages and incredible features over other types of radar configurations. All previous studies proved that FSR can be used as an alternative system for ground target detection and classification. The radar and FSR fundamentals were addressed and classification algorithms and techniques were debated. On the other hand, the current and future applications and the limitations of FSR were discussed.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

M. Cherniakov (ed), Bistatic radar: principles and practice, Wiley, 2007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470035085

A. R. S. A. Raja, Forward scattering radar for vehicle classification, PhD Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2007

M. I. Skolnik, Introduction to Radar Systems, McGraw-Hill, NY, USA, 1962

J. L. Glaser, “Bistatic RCS of complex objects near forward scatter. IEEE transactions on aerospace and electronic systems”, Vol. AES-21, No. 1, pp. 70-78, 1985 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TAES.1985.310540

R. E. Hiatt, K. M. Siegel, H. Weil, “Forward scattering by coated objects illuminated by short wavelength radar”, Proceedings of the IRE, Vol. 48, No. 9, pp. 1630-1635, 1960 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1960.287679

H. Sun, D. K. P. Tan, Y. Lu, “Design and implementation of an experimental GSM based passive radar”, Proceedings of the International Radar Conference, Adelaide, Australia IEEE, 2003

D. K. P. Tan, H. Sun, Y. Lu, “Sea and air moving target measurements using a GSM based passive radar”, IEEE International Radar Conference, Arlington, USA, IEEE, 2005

M. Cherniakov, V. V. Chapurskiy, R. R. Abdullah, P. Jancovic, M. Salous, “Short-range forward scattering radar”, International Radar Conference, pp. 322-328, 2004

M. I. Skolnik, Radar handbook, McGraw Hill Professional, 1970

Y. S. Chesnokov, M. V. Krutikov, “Bistatic RCS of aircrafts at the forward scattering. in Radar”, CIE International Conference of Radar, Beijing, China, IEEE, 1996

A. B. Blyakhman, A. G. Ryndyk, S. B. Sidorov, “Forward scattering radar moving object coordinate measurement”, The Record of the IEEE 2000 International Radar Conference, Alexandria, VA, USA, IEEE, 2000

D. M. Gould, R. S. Orton, R. J. E. Pollard, Forward scatter radar detection, in RADAR 2002 , Edinburgh, UK, pp. 36-40, 2002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1049/cp:20020244

R. Abdullah, A. Ismail, “Forward scattering radar current and future application”, International Journal of Engineering and Technology, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 61-67, 2006

K. H. Mohamed, M. Cherniakov, M. F. A. Rasid, R. S. A. Raja Abdullah, “Automatic target detection using wavelet technique in forward scattering radar”, in EuRAD 2008, European Radar Conference, Amsterdam, Netherlands, October 30-31, 2008

M. K. H. M. Alla, R. S. A. Raja Abdullah, M. F. A. Raseed, “Detection of ground target in forward scattering RADAR using Hilbert transform and wavelet technique”, International Review of Electrical Engineering, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 320-326, 2009

N. E. Abd Rashid, P. Jancovic, M. Gashinova, M. Cherniakov, V. Sizov, “The effect of clutter on the automatic target classification accuracy in FSR”, in 2010 IEEE Radar Conference, Washington, DC, USA, IEEE, 2010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2010.5494552

N. E. B. Abd Rashid, “Automatic vehicle classification in a low frequency forward scatter micro-radar”, PhD Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012

R. S. A. Raja Abdullah, M. F. A. Rasid, M. K. Mohamed, “Improvement in detection with forward scattering radar”, Science China Information Sciences, Vol. 54, No. 12, pp. 2660-2672, 2011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11432-011-4476-4

K. A. Othman, M. I. Jusoh, N. E. Abd Rashid, C. W. F. C. Wan Fadhil, “Wavelet Technique Implementation in Forward Scattering Radar (FSR) Ground Target Signal Processing”, Journal of Telecommunication, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Vol. 9, No. 1-5, pp. 59-62, 2017

M. Salah, M. F. A. Rasid, R. S. A. Raja Abdullah, M. Cherniakov, “Speed estimation in forward scattering radar by using standard deviation method”, Modern Applied Science, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 16-25, 2009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/mas.v3n3p16

T. Zeng, X. Li, C. Hu, T. Long, “Investigation on accurate signal modelling and imaging of the moving target in ground-based forward scatter radar”, IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation, Vol. 5, No. 8, pp. 862-870, 2011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-rsn.2010.0276

C. Hu, V. Sizov, M. Anoniou, M. Gashinova, M. Cherniakov, “Optimal signal processing in ground-based forward scatter micro radars”, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. 48, No. 4, pp. 3006-3026, 2012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TAES.2012.6324674

N. A. M. Daud, N. E. Abd Rashid, K. A. Othman, N. Ahmad, “Analysis on Radar Cross Section of different target specifications for Forward Scatter Radar (FSR)”, in Fourth International Conference on Digital Information and Communication Technology and it's Applications, Bangkok, Thailand, IEEE, 2014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/DICTAP.2014.6821710

C. Kabakchiev, I. Garvanov, V. Behar, P. Daskalov, H. Rohling, “Study of moving target shadows using passive Forward Scatter radar systems”, in 15th International Radar Symposium, Gdansk, Poland, IEEE, 2014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/IRS.2014.6869277

C. Kabakchiev, K. Kabakchiev, I. Garvanov, V. Behar, K. Kulpa, H. Rohling, D. Kabakchieva, A. Yarovoy, “Experimental verification of target shadow parameter estimation”, in 17th International Radar Symposium, Krakow, Poland, IEEEm 2016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/IRS.2016.7497337

I. Garvanov, C. Kabakchiev, V. Behar, M. Garvanova, “Target detection using a GPS Forward-Scattering Radar”, in International Conference on Engineering and Telecommunication, Moscow, Russia, IEEE, 2015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/EnT.2015.20

S. Hristov, L. Daniel, E. Hoare, M. Cherniakov, M. Gashinova, “Target shadow profile reconstruction in ground-based forward scatter radar”, in 2015 IEEE Radar Conference, Arlington, VA, USA, IEEE, 2015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2015.7131113

F. Kruse, F. Folster, M. Ahrholdt, H. Rohling, M. M. Meinecke, T. B. To “Target classification based on near-distance radar sensors”, in 2004 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, Parma, Italy, IEEE, pp. 722-727, 2004

M. Cherniakov, M. Salous, R. S. A. Raja Abdullah, V. Kostylev, “Forward scattering radar for ground targets detection and recognition”, in Defence Technology Conference, Edinburgh, UK. 2005

M. Cherniakov, R. S. A. R. Abdullah, P. Jancovic, M. Salous, V. Chapursky, “Automatic ground target classification using forward scattering radar”, IEE Proceedings-Radar, Sonar and Navigation, Vol. 153, No. 5, pp. 427-437, 2006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1049/ip-rsn:20050028

M. Cherniakov, M. Salous, V. Kostylev, R. S. A. Raja Abdullah, “Analysis of Forward Scattering Radar for Ground Target Detection”, in 2005 European Radar Conference, Paris, France, pp. 165-168, IEEE, 2005

I. Urazghildiiev, R. Ragnarsson, P. Ridderstrom, A. Rydberg, E. Ojefors, K. Wallin, P. Enochsson, M. Ericson, G. Lofqvist, “Vehicle classification based on the radar measurement of height profiles”, IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 245-253, 2007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2006.890071

S. Makal, A. Kizilay, L. Durak, “On the target classification through wavelet-compressed scattered ultrawide-band electric field data and ROC analysis”, Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 82, pp. 419-431, 2008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2528/PIER08040903

R. S. A. Raja Abdullah, M. I. Saripan, M. Cherniakov, “Neural network based for automatic vehicle classification in forward scattering radar”,I n 2007 IET International Conference on Radar Systems, Edinburgh, UK, IEEE, 2007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1049/cp:20070524

N. K. Ibrahim, R. S. A. Raja Abdullah, M. I. Saripan, “Artificial neural network approach in radar target classification”, Journal of Computer Science, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 23-32, 2009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3844/jcssp.2009.23.32

M. Cherniakov, R. S. A. Raja Abdullah, P. Jancovic, M. Salous, “Forward scattering micro sensor for vehicle classification”, in 2005 IEEE International Radar Conference, Arlington, VA, USA, IEEE, 2005

N. E. A. Rashid, M. Antoniou, P. Jancovic, V. Sizov, R. Abdullah, M. Cherniakov, “Automatic target classification in a low frequency FSR network”, in European Radar Conference, Amsterdam, Netherlands, IEEE, 2008

J. X. Fang, H. D. Meng, H. Zhang, X. Q. Wang, “A ground vehicle classification approach using unmodulated continuous-wave radar”, in 2007 IET International Conference on Radar Systems, Edinburgh, UK, IEEE 2007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1049/cp:20070525

J. Pisane, Automatic target recognition using passive bistatic radar signals, PhD Thesis, Supélec, 2013

J. Pisane, S. Azarian, M. Lesturgie, J. Verly, “Automatic target recognition for passive radar”, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 371-392, 2014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TAES.2013.120486

M. K. H. M. Alla, M. Kanona, A. G. Elsid, “Target Classification in Forward Scattering Radar in Noisy Environment”, International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management, Vol. 3, No. 11, pp. 1-5, 2014

M. E. A. Kanona, A. G. Abdalla, M. K. H. M. Alla, Y. A. Hamdalla, “Enhanced Neural Network Based Ground Target Classification”, Technology Horizons Journal, Vol. 1, pp. 1-5, 2018

N. E. A Rashid, N. Ahmad, N. F. Abdullah Nor, N. Ismail, A. A. Bt Jamaludin, “The effect of different ground characteristic to the stability and similarity of target spectra in FSR micro-sensor network”, in 2012 IEEE Student Conference on Research and Development, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia, IEEE, 2012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/SCOReD.2012.6518643

N. F. Abdullah, N. E. A. Rashid, I. Musirin, Z. I. Khan, “Vehicles classification based on different combination of feature extraction algorithm with neural network (nn) using forward scattering radar (FSR)”, Journal of Theoretical & Applied Information Technology,. Vol. 77, No. 3, pp. 311-317, 2015

N. F. Abdullah, N. E. A. Rashid, K. A. Othman, Z. I. Khan, I. Musirin, “Ground Vehicles Classification using Multi Perspective Features in FSR Micro-Sensor Network”, Journal of Telecommunication, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Vol. 9, No. 1-5, pp. 49-52, 2017

N. F. Abdullah, N. E. A. Rashid, Z. I. Khan, I. Musirin, “Analysis of different Z-score data to the neural network for automatic FSR vehicle classification”, IET International Radar Conference, Hangzhou, China,IEEE, 2015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1049/cp.2015.1089

N. A. Aziz, R. S. A. R. Abdullah, “RCS classification on ground moving target using lte passive bistatic radar”, Journal of Scientific Research and Development, Vol. 3, No.2. pp. 57-61, 2016

N. H. A. Aziz, R. S. A. R. Abdullah, A. N. M. Yusof, “Human Detection and Recognition System Using Passive Forward Scattering Radar”, Science International, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 69-73, 2017

R. S. A. R. Abdullah, N. H. A. Aziz, N. E. Abdul Rashid, A. A. Salah, F. Hashmin, “Analysis on Target Detection and Classification in LTE Based Passive Forward Scattering Radar”, Sensors, Vol. 16, No. 10, p. 1607, 2016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s16101607

R. S. A. R. Abdullah, A. A. Salah, N. H. A. Aziz, N. E. Abdul Rashid, “Vehicle recognition analysis in LTE based forward scattering radar”, in IEEE Radar Conference, Philadelphia, PA, USA, IEEE, 2016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2016.7485299

R. S. A. R. Abdullah, A. A. Salah, A. Ismail, F. Hashim, N. E. Abdul Rashid, N. H. A. Aziz, “LTE-Based Passive Bistatic Radar System for Detection of Ground-Moving Targets”, ETRI Journal, Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 302-313, 2016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4218/etrij.16.0115.0228

Downloads

How to Cite

[1]
M. E. A. Kanona, M. G. Hamza, A. G. Abdalla, and M. K. Hassan, “A Review of Ground Target Detection and Classification Techniques in Forward Scattering Radars”, Eng. Technol. Appl. Sci. Res., vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 3018–3022, Jun. 2018.

Metrics

Abstract Views: 1062
PDF Downloads: 586

Metrics Information

Most read articles by the same author(s)