Optimization of Load Profiles and State-of-Charge of a Battery Energy Storage System in Energy Systems

Van Nguyen Ngoc

doi:10.48084/etasr.18930

Authors

Van Nguyen Ngoc Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Electric Power University, Hanoi, Vietnam https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8674-5446

Volume: 16 | Issue: 3 | Pages: 36264-36271 | June 2026 | https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.18930

Received: 26 March 2026 | Revised: 11 April 2026 and 30 April 2026 | Accepted: 4 May 2026 | Online: 12 May 2026

Corresponding author: Van Nguyen Ngoc

Abstract

Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs) are increasingly used in buildings to smooth net load fluctuations, improve renewable self-consumption, and support demand-side management. This study formulates day-ahead load leveling as a convex quadratic programming problem that minimizes the variance of the net load subjected to charging/discharging power limits, State of Charge (SoC) bounds, and end-of-horizon energy constraints. In addition, this work evaluates the impact of the initial SoC on the performance of load leveling and introduces a method to determine the optimal SoC corresponding to the best performance. The method was tested on weekdays and weekend load profiles of a commercial office building using a 750 kWh/250 kW BESS. In all examined cases, the optimized schedule significantly flattened the load curve, regardless of the initial SoC level. Furthermore, the research results demonstrate that an appropriately selected initial SoC determines the amount of energy available for charging or discharging that best matches the load characteristics, thereby achieving a more effective improvement in the total load profile.

Keywords:

BESS, optimal dispatch, load leveling, optimal initial SoC

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