Design and Performance Analysis of a Type-III Compensator for a Buck Converter Using the Frequency Response Method

Fahmizal; Priyo Herlambang; Hari Maghfiroh; Miftahul Anwar; Muhammad Hamka Ibrahim; Joko Slamet Saputro; Isa Ali Ibrahim; Muhammad Ahmad Baballe

doi:10.48084/etasr.17635

Authors

Fahmizal Department of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Vocational College, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
Priyo Herlambang Department of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Vocational College, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
Hari Maghfiroh Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia
Miftahul Anwar Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia
Muhammad Hamka Ibrahim Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia
Joko Slamet Saputro Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia
Isa Ali Ibrahim School of Information and Communications Tech, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria
Muhammad Ahmad Baballe Department of Mechatronic Engineering, Nigerian Defence Academy (NDA), Kaduna, Nigeria

Volume: 16 | Issue: 3 | Pages: 34942-34949 | June 2026 | https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.17635

Received: 19 January 2026 | Revised: 3 March 2026 and 26 March 2026 | Accepted: 27 March 2026 | Online: 5 April 2026

Corresponding author: Hari Maghfiroh

Abstract

This study presents the systematic design and performance evaluation of a Type-III compensator for a non-ideal buck converter using a frequency-response-based approach and the K-factor method. The converter is modeled using state-space averaging, incorporating inductor current and capacitor voltage as state variables. Additionally, it accounts for practical non-idealities, such as capacitor ESR and supply-voltage variations. The compensator is designed to achieve the desired phase margin and enhanced closed-loop stability, considering on the open-loop characteristics. The results revealed that compared to a conventionally tuned Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID) controller, the proposed Type-III compensator significantly improves transient and steady-state performance. Under constant-load conditions, the settling time decreases from 967.88 µs to 519.23 µs, and the overshoot from 14.11% to 10.11%. Moreover, ripple voltage is suppressed from 181.25 mVpp to 20.84 mVpp, demonstrating improved damping and voltage regulation capability. Under variable-load conditions, the compensator consistently achieves faster recovery and smaller voltage deviation during sudden load changes. Among the evaluated configurations, the 60° phase-margin design provides the best trade-off between transient speed, stability margin, and ripple suppression. Overall, the results confirm that frequency-response-based Type-III compensation constitutes an effective control strategy for non-ideal buck converters, which require high stability and low output-voltage ripple under varying operating conditions.

Keywords:

buck converter, frequency response, type-III compensator, PID

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