Designing a Smart Farming Greenhouse Electrical Power Monitoring System Based on Internet of Things Technology
Received: 9 November 2025 | Revised: 4 December 2025 | Accepted: 15 December 2025 | Online: 9 February 2026
Corresponding author: Marti Widya Sari
Abstract
This study aimed to design and implement an Internet of Things (IoT)-based electrical power monitoring system to support energy-efficient operations in a solar-powered smart farming greenhouse. The proposed system integrates key hardware components, including a NodeMCU ESP8266 microcontroller, an ACS712-05A current sensor, and a ZMPT101B voltage sensor, to measure voltage, current, and power consumption in real time. The collected data are transmitted over Wi-Fi to the Firebase Realtime Database and visualized through an Android application equipped with real-time monitoring, historical logging, and energy cost estimation features. The experimental evaluation conducted between February and April 2025 assessed sensor accuracy and overall system reliability. The results show that the voltage sensor maintained stable performance with a maximum deviation of 0.5 V, while the current sensor recorded minor discrepancies of up to 0.5 A, largely influenced by network latency and environmental interference. These quantitative findings confirm the feasibility of using low-cost IoT sensors for continuous electrical monitoring in greenhouse environments. The main contribution of this research is the development and validation of an integrated IoT-based electrical monitoring framework that enhances transparency, supports data-driven decision-making, and promotes sustainable energy management in modern smart farming systems.
Keywords:
smart farming, greenhouse, internet of things, electrical, monitoringDownloads
References
A. Adelekan and M. Sharmina, "Collaborative digitally-enabled business models for a circular economy: Sustaining, managing and protecting value in the UK plastics sector," Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 438, Jan. 2024, Art. no. 140770. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.140770
F. Sarghini, F. Erdogdu, and R. Accorsi, "Designing advanced food packaging systems and technologies through modeling and virtualization," in Sustainable Food Supply Chains, Academic Press, 2019, pp. 83–104. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813411-5.00006-5
R. Anitha and D. Rai, "Internet of things with artificial intelligence detection and blockchains of crop availability for supply chain management," International Journal of Knowledge-Based Development, vol. 12, no. 3/4, 2022, Art. no. 444. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJKBD.2022.128909
H. Azadi et al., "Rethinking resilient agriculture: From Climate-Smart Agriculture to Vulnerable-Smart Agriculture," Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 319, Oct. 2021, Art. no. 128602. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128602
I. Hasan, Z. Mohamed, Md. M. Habib, and H. Bt. M. Hanafi, "Impact of Internet of Things (IoT) on Enhancing Transparency and Efficiency in Bangladesh’s Agri-food Supply Chain," Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental, vol. 18, no. 9, Apr. 2024, Art. no. e06160. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n9-059
M. W. Sari, R. H. Hardyanto, P. W. Ciptadi, B. L. Pangestu, and E. Kriswandari, "Developing A Smart Farming Greenhouse Monitoring System based on Internet of Things Technology," in Proceedings of the 2023 International Conference on Information Technology and Engineering (ICITE 2023), Dec. 2023, pp. 165–171. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-338-2_24
A. R. Al-Ali, A. Al Nabulsi, S. Mukhopadhyay, M. S. Awal, S. Fernandes, and K. Ailabouni, "IoT-solar energy powered smart farm irrigation system," Journal of Electronic Science and Technology, vol. 17, no. 4, Dec. 2019, Art. no. 100017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnlest.2020.100017
O. Bouketir, A. Saib, and A. Fenni, "A Fuzzy Logic-Based Greenhouse Smart System for Sustainable Tomato Production in Algeria," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 24110–24116, Aug. 2025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.10856
M. R. Ramli, P. T. Daely, D. S. Kim, and J. M. Lee, "IoT-based adaptive network mechanism for reliable smart farm system," Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, vol. 170, Mar. 2020, Art. no. 105287. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2020.105287
D. X. Dong, N. T. Thu Huong, N. N. Bach, N. Q. Ninh, B. T. Duyen, and D. X. Dinh, "Application of the Digital Twin for Condition Monitoring and Energy Management of Electrical Loads in Greenhouses," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 24005–24012, June 2025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.10467
I. Ghibeche et al., "Modeling Climatic Parameters affecting a Greenhouse Irrigation System," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 23352–23359, June 2025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.10989
C. Bersani et al., "Internet of Things Approaches for Monitoring and Control of Smart Greenhouses in Industry 4.0," Energies, vol. 15, no. 10, May 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en15103834
G. Nawalany, P. Sokołowski, T. Jakubowski, and A. Atilgan, "Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Energy Consumption Depending on the Material and Construction Solutions and the Energy Carrier Used—A Case Study," Energies, vol. 17, no. 24, Dec. 2024, Art. no. 6460. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en17246460
W. Tao, L. Zhao, G. Wang, and R. Liang, "Review of the internet of things communication technologies in smart agriculture and challenges," Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, vol. 189, Oct. 2021, Art. no. 106352. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2021.106352
C. Maraveas, D. Piromalis, K. G. Arvanitis, T. Bartzanas, and D. Loukatos, "Applications of IoT for optimized greenhouse environment and resources management," Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, vol. 198, July 2022, Art. no. 106993. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2022.106993
Downloads
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Marti Widya Sari, R. Hafid Hardyanto, Prahenusa Wahyu Ciptadi, Endi Kurniawan, Banu Santoso
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) after its publication in ETASR with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
