Comparison of the Modulus of Elasticity Values of Mortar Specimens with Crumb Rubber Replacing Sand by 10%, 15%, and 20% Before and After Heating at 150 ℃
Received: 26 August 2025 | Revised: 24 September 2025 | Accepted: 6 October 2025 | Online: 8 December 2025
Corresponding author: Imrianti
Abstract
This study investigates the use of waste tires, specifically crumb rubber, as a substitute for sand in mortar compositions. The performance of its mechanical properties is analyzed by measuring the modulus of elasticity of normal mortar specimens and rubber crumb mortar with 10%, 15%, and 20% variations, under normal conditions and after heating to 150 °C. The research method uses a 14-sample experimental design to test the cylinder compressive strength. Data were analyzed using qualitative descriptive statistics. The results indicate that the elastic modulus of crumb rubber mortar specimens with 10%, 15%, and 20% content is lower before and after heating to 150°C, exhibiting higher elasticity at 14 days. Conversely, the elastic modulus of 10% crumb rubber mortar before heating exhibits superior elasticity, durability, and increased deformation compared to normal mortar and other mortar variations after 28 days. These findings provide new knowledge about using crumb rubber as a mortar additive in sustainable construction and promote the innovative use of recycled materials.
Keywords:
crumb rubber mortar mechanical properties, modulus of elasticity, sustainable material, recycled materialsDownloads
References
N. Andita et al., "Elasticity in Daily Life: A Potential Topics in Learning Physics," International Journal of Research and Community Empowerment, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 65–73, Aug. 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.58706/ijorce.v2n2.p65-73
D. Chen, J. Zou, L. Zhao, S. Xu, T. Xiang, and C. Liu, "Degradation of Dynamic Elastic Modulus of Concrete under Periodic Temperature-Humidity Action," Materials, vol. 13, no. 3, Jan. 2020, Art. no. 611. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13030611
X. Feng, M. Fehler, D. Burns, S. Brown, and T. L. Szabo, "Effects of humidity and temperature on the non-linear elasticity of rocks," Geophysical Journal International, vol. 231, no. 3, pp. 1823–1832, Dec. 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggac292
G. Zhang, C. Li, H. Wei, M. Wang, Z. Yang, and Y. Gu, "Influence of Humidity on the Elastic Modulus and Axis Compressive Strength of Concrete in a Water Environment," Materials, vol. 13, no. 24, Jan. 2020, Art. no. 5696. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13245696
T. T. Zhu, A. J. Bushby, and D. J. Dunstan, "Materials mechanical size effects: a review," Materials Technology, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 193–209, Dec. 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1179/175355508X376843
B. P. Murphy, P. Savage, P. E. McHugh, and D. F. Quinn, "The stress-strain behavior of coronary stent struts is size dependent," Annals of Biomedical Engineering, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 686–691, June 2003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1114/1.1569268
Y. H. Zhao et al., "Influence of specimen dimensions and strain measurement methods on tensile stress–strain curves," Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 525, no. 1, pp. 68–77, Nov. 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2009.06.031
R. P. C. Driessen et al., "Effect of temperature on the intrinsic flexibility of DNA and its interaction with architectural proteins," Biochemistry, vol. 53, no. 41, pp. 6430–6438, Oct. 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/bi500344j
A. Karshikoff, L. Nilsson, and R. Ladenstein, "Rigidity versus flexibility: the dilemma of understanding protein thermal stability," The FEBS Journal, vol. 282, no. 20, pp. 3899–3917, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.13343
X. Dai et al., "Experimental investigation on flexible inorganic phase change material for thermal management performance improvement of lithium-ion battery," Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 272, Aug. 2025, Art. no. 126358. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126358
Q. Li et al., "Flexible high-temperature dielectric materials from polymer nanocomposites," Nature, vol. 523, no. 7562, pp. 576–579, July 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14647
I. Alenezi, "Effects of Heat Treatment on the Corrosion Behavior of ASTM A-36 Steel," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 5320–5324, Feb. 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.3326
K. Kalinowska-Wichrowska, E. Pawluczuk, M. Bołtryk, J. R. Jimenez, J. M. Fernandez-Rodriguez, and D. Suescum Morales, "The Performance of Concrete Made with Secondary Products—Recycled Coarse Aggregates, Recycled Cement Mortar, and Fly Ash–Slag Mix," Materials, vol. 15, no. 4, Jan. 2022, Art. no. 1438. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15041438
J. Shang, J.-G. Dai, T.-J. Zhao, S.-Y. Guo, P. Zhang, and B. Mu, "Alternation of traditional cement mortars using fly ash-based geopolymer mortars modified by slag," Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 203, pp. 746–756, Dec. 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.255
M. L. Berndt, "Properties of sustainable concrete containing fly ash, slag and recycled concrete aggregate," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 2606–2613, July 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.02.011
G. Li et al., "Fly Ash Application as Supplementary Cementitious Material: A Review," Materials, vol. 15, no. 7, Jan. 2022, Art. no. 2664. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15072664
M. Nazeer, K. Kapoor, and S. P. Singh, "Strength, durability and microstructural investigations on pervious concrete made with fly ash and silica fume as supplementary cementitious materials," Journal of Building Engineering, vol. 69, June 2023, Art. no. 106275. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2023.106275
L. A. Qureshi, B. Ali, and A. Ali, "Combined effects of supplementary cementitious materials (silica fume, GGBS, fly ash and rice husk ash) and steel fiber on the hardened properties of recycled aggregate concrete," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 263, Dec. 2020, Art. no. 120636. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120636
K. L. Scrivener and R. J. Kirkpatrick, "Innovation in use and research on cementitious material," Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 128–136, Feb. 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.09.025
R. M. I. R. Susilorini et al., "The Advantage of Natural Polymer Modified Mortar with Seaweed: Green Construction Material Innovation for Sustainable Concrete," Procedia Engineering, vol. 95, pp. 419–425, Jan. 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.12.201
A. M. Omer, "Energy, environment and sustainable development," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 12, no. 9, pp. 2265–2300, Dec. 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2007.05.001
A. Almusaed, I. Yitmen, J. A. Myhren, and A. Almssad, "Assessing the Impact of Recycled Building Materials on Environmental Sustainability and Energy Efficiency: A Comprehensive Framework for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions," Buildings, vol. 14, no. 6, June 2024, Art. no. 1566. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061566
D. W. Dobson, A. Sourani, B. Sertyesilisik, and A. Tunstall, "Sustainable Construction: Analysis of Its Costs and Benefits," American Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 32–38, Jan. 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12691/ajcea-1-2-2
G. Salvalai, M. M. Sesana, P. Dell’Oro, and D. Brutti, "Open Innovation for the Construction Sector: Concept Overview and Test Bed Development to Boost Energy-Efficient Solutions," Energies, vol. 16, no. 14, Jan. 2023, Art. no. 5522. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en16145522
J. Los Santos - Ortega, E. Fraile - García, and J. Ferreiro - Cabello, "Methodology for the environmental analysis of mortar doped with crumb rubber from end-of-life tires," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 399, Oct. 2023, Art. no. 132519. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.132519
S. Ren, X. Liu, P. Lin, H. Wang, W. Fan, and S. Erkens, "The continuous swelling-degradation behaviors and chemo-rheological properties of waste crumb rubber modified bitumen considering the effect of rubber size," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 307, Nov. 2021, Art. no. 124966. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124966
Z. T. Abdullah, "Quantitative sustainability assessment of plant layouts for mechano-chemical remanufacturing of waste tires into rubber sheets with integrated pyrolysis-distillation," Environmental Challenges, vol. 15, Apr. 2024, Art. no. 100949. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2024.100949
E. El-Seidy et al., "Mechanical and physical characteristics of alkali- activated mortars incorporated with recycled polyvinyl chloride and rubber aggregates," Journal of Building Engineering, vol. 60, Nov. 2022, Art. no. 105043. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105043
K. Hancharoen, P. Kamhangrittirong, and P. Suwanna, "Improvement of natural fiber cement composite for roofing applications through addition of waste tire rubber: An investigation of the physical, mechanical, thermal, and acoustic properties," Cleaner Materials, vol. 13, Sept. 2024, Art. no. 100265. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clema.2024.100265
N. Habib, M. Saqib, T. Najeh, and Y. Gamil, "Eco-Transformation of construction: Harnessing machine learning and SHAP for crumb rubber concrete sustainability," Heliyon, vol. 10, no. 5, Mar. 2024, Art. no. e26927. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26927
P. Gill, P. Jangra, R. Roychand, M. Saberian, and J. Li, "Effects of various additives on the crumb rubber integrated geopolymer concrete," Cleaner Materials, vol. 8, June 2023, Art. no. 100181. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clema.2023.100181
W.J. Song, W.G. Qiao, X.X. Yang, D.G. Lin, and Y.Z. Li, "Mechanical properties and constitutive equations of crumb rubber mortars," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 172, pp. 660–669, May 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.263
Downloads
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Marson Maizi, Hartawan, Nasruddin, Imrianti
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) after its publication in ETASR with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
