A Proposed Mix Design for High-Volume Fly Ash-Self Compacting Concrete (HVFA-SCC)

Rosyid Kholilur Rohman; Arif Afrianto; Setiyo Daru Cahyono

doi:10.48084/etasr.13726

Authors

Rosyid Kholilur Rohman Civil Engineering Department, Merdeka University of Madiun, East Java, Indonesia
Arif Afrianto Civil Engineering Department, Merdeka University of Madiun, East Java, Indonesia
Setiyo Daru Cahyono Civil Engineering Department, Merdeka University of Madiun, East Java, Indonesia

Volume: 15 | Issue: 6 | Pages: 30112-30118 | December 2025 | https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.13726

Received: 31 July 2025 | Revised: 21 September 2025 and 8 October 2025 | Accepted: 21 October 2025 | Online: 8 December 2025
Corresponding author: Rosyid Kholilur Rohman

Abstract

High-Volume Fly Ash Self-Compacting Concrete (HVFA-SCC) is an environmentally friendly concrete type that uses a high quantity of fly ash as a partial replacement of cement by at least 50%. The use of fly ash not only increases cost efficiency but also reduces the environmental impact of cement production. During the application of HVFA-SCC, an appropriate mix design is required to ensure its compressive strength and meet the criteria of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC). This study proposes a mix design procedure for HVFA-SCC. A concrete cylinder test with varying water contents and water-powder ratios was conducted. The water contents used were 150, 175, and 200 kg/m³, the water-powder ratio utilized was 0.3–0.7, and the replacement of cement with fly ash was 50%. The ratio between the Fine Aggregate (FA) and Coarse Aggregate (CA) was determined using the packing density approach, where the ratio was selected based on the maximum packing density value. The results showed that all test specimens exhibited adequate flowability, filling ability, and segregation resistance, as per EFNARC 2005. From the results of the compressive strength test, it was observed that a higher water-to-powder ratio led to a lower compressive strength. Based on experimental data, the study proposes an equation for the relationship between the water-powder ratio and compressive strength. This equation is used to determine the water-powder ratio according to the planned compressive strength. The proposed mix design procedure discussed in this study can be used to produce concrete with a compressive strength ranging from 18 to 47 MPa, making it a useful reference for the production of structural concrete.

Keywords:

compressive strength, HVFA-SCC, mix design, packing density, water-powder ratio

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

L. Chen et al., "Conversion of Waste into Sustainable Construction Materials: A Review of Recent Developments and Prospects," Materials Today Sustainability, vol. 27, Sept. 2024, Art. no. 100930. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtsust.2024.100930

N. A. Memon, M. A. Memon, N. A. Lakho, F. A. Memon, M. A. Keerio, and A. N. Memon, "A Review on Self Compacting Concrete with Cementitious Materials and Fibers," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 2969–2974, June 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.2006

R. K. Rohman, S. A. Kristiawan, H. A. Saifullah, and A. Basuki, "Reinforcement to Concrete Bond Strength: A Comparison Between Normal Concrete and Various Types of Concrete," Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 2190, no. 1, Mar. 2022, Art. no. 012028. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2190/1/012028

H. H. Alghazali and J. J. Myers, "Bond Performance of High-Volume Fly Ash Self-Consolidating Concrete (HVFA-SCC) in Full-Scale Beams," ACI Structural Journal, vol. 116, no. 1, pp. 161–170, Jan. 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14359/51706920

Y. Zheng, N. Zhou, L. Zhou, H. Zhang, H. Li, and Y. Zhou, "Experimental and Theoretical Study of Bond Behaviour Between FRP Bar and High-Volume Fly Ash-Self-Compacting Concrete," Materials and Structures, vol. 54, no. 1, Feb. 2021, Art. no. 27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-021-01624-x

R. K. Rohman, S. A. Kristiawan, A. Basuki, and H. A. Saifullah, "Bond Strength between Reinforcement and High Volume Fly Ash-Self Compacting Concrete (HVFA-SCC)," IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 1195, no. 1, June 2023, Art. no. 012007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1195/1/012007

M. A. Memon, N. A. Memon, A. H. Memon, R. Bhanbhro, and M. H. Lashari, "Flow Assessment of Self-Compacted Concrete incorporating Fly Ash," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 5392–5395, Apr. 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.3283

P. P. Chauhan and M. P. Kadam, "Concrete Mix Design by Packing Density Method," International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology, vol. 9, no. 12, pp. 1129–1134, May 2023.

R. K. Rohman, S. A. Kristiawan, H. A. Saifullah, and A. Basuki, "The Development Length of Tensile Reinforcement Embedded in High Volume Fly Ash-Self Compacting Concrete (HVFA-SCC)," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 348, Sept. 2022, Art. no. 128680. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.128680

M. Fajrul Falah, S. Adi Kristiawan, and H. Alfisa Saifullah, "Tension-Stiffening of Reinforced HVFA-SCC Beams," Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 17, no. 3, July 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14525/JJCE.v17i3.11

L. Zhou, P. Dong, Y. Zheng, G. Song, and X. Wang, "Investigation of the Structural Behaviors of One-way HVFA-SCC Slabs Reinforced by GFRP Bars," Current Chinese Science, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 160–182, Jan. 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/2210298101666200909160857

N. Bouzoubaâ and M. Lachemi, "Self-compacting Concrete Incorporating High Volumes of Class F Fly Ash," Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 413–420, Mar. 2001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00504-4

S. Chowdhury and P. C. Basu, "New Methodology to Proportion Self-Consolidating Concrete with High-Volume Fly Ash," ACI Materials Journal, vol. 107, no. 3, 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14359/51663750

Standard Specification for Coal Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete, ASTM C618-22, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2022.

Specification and Guidelines for Self-Compacting Concrete, EFNARC-2002, EFNARC, Surrey, UK, 2002.

N. Su, K.-C. Hsu, and H.-W. Chai, "A Simple Mix Design Method for Self-compacting Concrete," Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 31, no. 12, pp. 1799–1807, Dec. 2001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00566-X

G. F. Kheder and R. S. Al Jadiri, "New Method for Proportioning Self-Consolidating Concrete Based on Compressive Strength Requirements," ACI Materials Journal, vol. 107, no. 5, 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14359/51663969

The European Guidelines for Self-Compacting Concrete, EFNARC-2005, EFNARC, Surrey, UK, 2005.

Standard Practice for Selecting Proportions for Normal, Heavyweight, and Mass Concrete, ACI PRC-211.1-91, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, USA, 2002.

S. D. Kore and A. K. Vyas, "Particle Packing Density Approach for Design of Concrete Mixes Using Marble Waste," Journal of Civil Engineering and Urbanism, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 78–83, July 2016.

N. Raj, S. G Patil, and B. Bhattacharjee, "Concrete Mix Design by Packing Density Method," IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 34–46, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9790/1684-11213446

Tata Cara Pemilihan Campuran Untuk Beton Normal, Beton Berat Dan Beton Massa, SNI 7656:2012, Badan Standardisasi Nasional, Jakarta, Indonesia, 2012.

Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens, ASTM C39/C39M-21, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2021.

R. Siddique, P. Aggarwal, and Y. Aggarwal, "Influence of Water/Powder Ratio on Strength Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete Containing Coal Fly Ash and Bottom Ash," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 29, pp. 73–81, Apr. 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.10.035

Persyaratan Beton Struktural untuk Bangunan Gedung dan Penjelasan, SNI 2847:2019, Badan Standardisasi Nasional, Jakarta, Indonesia, 2019.