A Compact Dual-Band Antenna Design Using a Non-Uniform Inverted U-Shaped DGS and an Efficient Quasi-Oppositional Grey Wolf Optimizer
Received: 15 July 2025 | Revised: 9 August 2025 | Accepted: 22 August 2025 | Online: 21 October 2025
Corresponding author: Wellington Ochieng
Abstract
In this study, a non-uniform inverted U-shaped Defected Ground Structure (DGS) was used to optimize a dual-band, compact microstrip antenna for operation at 2.6 GHz and 3.5 GHz frequency bands, which are widely used for sub-6 GHz 5G applications. Because the design of DGS-based antennas usually involves iterative optimization and extensive full-wave simulations, an Efficient Quasi-Oppositional Grey Wolf Optimizer (EQOGWO) is proposed to reduce the computational cost. The EQOGWO achieves high-quality solutions with fewer evaluations than the Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO). The antenna comprises symmetrical open slots on a rectangular patch and an L-shaped parasitic element. The designed antenna attained a simulated value of −20.4 dB at 2.6 GHz and −25.69 dB at 3.5 GHz, meeting the target of a maximum of −10 dB within the operating frequency ranges.
Keywords:
Defected Ground Structure (DGS), Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO), Efficient Quasi-Oppositional Grey Wolf Optimizer (EQOGWO)Downloads
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