Patterns and Sociodemographic Determinants of Traffic Accidents in Makassar City: A Study Toward Targeted Road Safety Interventions

Hasmar Halim; Miswar Tumpu; Frnaky E. P. Lapian; Parea Rusan Rangan; Andung Yunianta; Hamzah Yusuf

doi:10.48084/etasr.13119

Authors

Hasmar Halim Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ujung Pandang State Polytechnic, Indonesia
Miswar Tumpu Disaster Management Study Program, The Graduate School, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia
Frnaky E. P. Lapian Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yapis University, Indonesia
Parea Rusan Rangan Department of Civil Engineering, University of Christian Indonesia, Indonesia
Andung Yunianta Department of Civil Engineering, Yapis University, Jayapura, Indonesia
Hamzah Yusuf Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ujung Pandang State Polytechnic, Indonesia

Volume: 15 | Issue: 6 | Pages: 29077-29083 | December 2025 | https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.13119

Received: 2 July 2025 | Revised: 19 July 2025, 14 August 2025, 8 September 2025, and 16 September 2025 | Accepted: 18 September 2025 | Online: 8 December 2025

Corresponding author: Miswar Tumpu

Abstract

Makassar is one of the largest cities in Indonesia, characterized by a high vehicle ownership rate that continues to increase annually. This rapid growth contributes to rising traffic congestion and a concerning number of traffic accidents. This study aimed to examine the sociodemographic determinants of traffic accidents in Makassar City. Based on data from 2021 to 2024, a total of 3,603 traffic accident cases were recorded, involving 5,489 victims. The severity of the outcomes was 9.13% fatalities, 15.19% severe injuries, 64.46% minor injuries, and 11.22% material losses. Most accidents involved motorcycles (57.90%) and private passenger vehicles. The most affected age group was adolescents and adults, accounting for 87.96% of total victims. Male victims were predominant, comprising 72.9% of total cases. In terms of educational level, high school graduates represented the largest proportion of accident victims (53.34%). A significant number of victims (2,679 individuals) were employed in the private sector. The most common type of collision involved two vehicles, representing 74.08% of all incidents. These findings underscore the critical need for targeted traffic safety measures based on demographic risk profiles, particularly among male motorcyclists of working age. This study highlights the importance of incorporating sociodemographic characteristics into road safety policies to reduce the frequency and severity of accidents in urban areas such as Makassar.

Keywords:

traffic accidents, sociodemographic factors, motorcycle crashes, Makassar, road safety policy

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

M. Angın and S. I. A. Ali, ''Analysis of Factors Affecting Road Traffic Accidents in North Cyprus,'' Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 7938–7943, Dec. 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.4547

B. R. Sharma, ''Road traffic injuries: A major global public health crisis,'' Public Health, vol. 122, no. 12, pp. 1399–1406, Dec. 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2008.06.009

R. Abdulla, B. Qader, and K. Sdiq, ''Traffic Accident Traits and Driver Characteristics Implication on Road Accidents using Descriptive Analysis: A Cross Sectional Study in Sulaymaniyah, Iraq,'' Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 10372–10376, Apr. 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.5669

F. Duarte and C. Ratti, ''The Impact of Autonomous Vehicles on Cities: A Review,'' Journal of Urban Technology, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 3–18, Oct. 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2018.1493883

World health statistics 2025: Monitoring health for the SDGs, Sustainable Development Goals. World Health Organization, 2025.

K. Sumit, K. Brijs, V. Ross, G. Wets, and R. A. C. Ruiter, ''A Focus Group Study to Explore Risky Ridership among Young Motorcyclists in Manipal, India,'' Safety, vol. 8, no. 2, June 2022, Art. no. 40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/safety8020040

D. V. M. Nguyen, A. T. Vu, V. Ross, T. Brijs, G. Wets, and K. Brijs, ''Small-displacement motorcycle crashes and risky ridership in Vietnam: Findings from a focus group and in-depth interview study,'' Safety Science, vol. 152, Aug. 2022, Art. no. 105514. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105514

D. McCarty and H. W. Kim, ''Risky behaviors and road safety: An exploration of age and gender influences on road accident rates,'' PLOS ONE, vol. 19, no. 1, Jan. 2024, Art. no. e0296663. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0296663

I. Mohamad, ''Gender disparities in rural motorcycle accidents: A neural network analysis of travel behavior impact,'' Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 210, Feb. 2025, Art. no. 107840. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2024.107840

S. Wang, J. Yu, and J. Ma, ''Identifying the heterogeneous effects of road characteristics on Motorcycle-Involved crash severities,'' Travel Behaviour and Society, vol. 33, Oct. 2023, Art. no. 100636. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2023.100636

T. Champahom, C. Se, S. Jomnonkwao, T. Boonyoo, and V. Ratanavaraha, ''A Comparison of Contributing Factors between Young and Old Riders of Motorcycle Crash Severity on Local Roads,'' Sustainability, vol. 15, no. 3, Feb. 2023, Art. no. 2708. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032708

T. B. Joewono and Y. O. Susilo, ''Traffic violations by young motorcyclists on Indonesian urban roads,'' Journal of Transportation Safety & Security, vol. 9, no. sup1, pp. 236–261, Mar. 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19439962.2016.1247123

T. Champahom, C. Se, F. Aryuyo, C. Banyong, S. Jomnonkwao, and V. Ratanavaraha, ''Crash Severity Analysis of Young Adult Motorcyclists: A Comparison of Urban and Rural Local Roadways,'' Applied Sciences, vol. 13, no. 21, Oct. 2023, Art. no. 11723. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app132111723

S. N. Abdulwahid et al., ''A Comprehensive Review on the Behaviour of Motorcyclists: Motivations, Issues, Challenges, Substantial Analysis and Recommendations,'' International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 19, no. 6, Mar. 2022, Art. no. 3552. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063552

A. G. Kironji et al., ''Identifying barriers for out of hospital emergency care in low and low-middle income countries: a systematic review,'' BMC Health Services Research, vol. 18, no. 1, Dec. 2018, Art. no. 291. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-018-3091-0

Z. Hussin and S. R. Ahmad, ''Impact of Masculine Identity on Racing Engagement Among Young Motorcyclists in Penang, Malaysia,'' The Open Psychology Journal, vol. 17, no. 1, July 2024, Art. no. e18743501293032. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/0118743501293032240620093522

M. Kaveshgar, F. Shah, and U. N. Biswas, “Responsible and Risky Behaviour on the Road: Understanding Perspectives of University Students,” in Building a Resilient and Responsible World: Psychological Perspectives from India, U. N. Biswas and S. N. Biswas, Eds. Singapore: Springer Nature, 2025, pp. 421–444. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-0108-0_20

D. Prasetyanto, M. Rizki, and A. Maulana, ''The Role of Attitude, Behavior, and Road Conditions in Traffic Violation among Workers and Students in Bandung City, Indonesia,'' The Open Transportation Journal, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 147–159, Aug. 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/1874447802115010147

V. D. Pyrialakou, C. Gkartzonikas, J. D. Gatlin, and K. Gkritza, ''Perceptions of safety on a shared road: Driving, cycling, or walking near an autonomous vehicle,'' Journal of Safety Research, vol. 72, pp. 249–258, Feb. 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2019.12.017

S. Pratt and K. Hagan-Haynes, ''Applying a Health Equity Lens to Work-Related Motor Vehicle Safety in the United States,'' International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 20, no. 20, Oct. 2023, Art. no. 6909. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20206909

D. Xiao, H. Ding, N. N. Sze, and N. Zheng, ''Investigating built environment and traffic flow impact on crash frequency in urban road networks,'' Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 201, June 2024, Art. no. 107561. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2024.107561

K. K. W. Yau, ''Risk factors affecting the severity of single vehicle traffic accidents in Hong Kong,'' Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 333–340, May 2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-4575(03)00012-5

K. Smith, C. J. Fearnley, D. Dixon, D. K. Bird, and I. Kelman, Environmental Hazards: Assessing Risk and Reducing Disaster, 7th ed. London, UK: Routledge, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351261647

A. F. Gkontzis, S. Kotsiantis, G. Feretzakis, and V. S. Verykios, ''Temporal Dynamics of Citizen-Reported Urban Challenges: A Comprehensive Time Series Analysis,'' Big Data and Cognitive Computing, vol. 8, no. 3, Mar. 2024, Art. no. 27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc8030027

M. D. Mulhall et al., ''Sleepiness and driving events in shift workers: the impact of circadian and homeostatic factors,'' Sleep, vol. 42, no. 6, June 2019, Art. no. zsz074. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsz074

Y. He, A. Tablada, J. Y. Deng, Y. Shi, N. H. Wong, and E. Ng, ''Linking of pedestrian spaces to optimize outdoor air ventilation and quality in tropical high-density urban areas,'' Urban Climate, vol. 45, Sept. 2022, Art. no. 101249. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2022.101249