Design and Implementation of an IoT-Based Indoor Monitoring and Warning System
Received: 23 June 2025 | Revised: 31 August 2025 and 16 September 2025 | Accepted: 18 September 2025 | Online: 11 October 2025
Corresponding author: Tri Dung Dang
Abstract
This study designs and implements an Internet of Things (IoT) indoor monitoring, control, and warning system for smart-warehouse scenarios. The system centers on an ESP32 gateway that aggregates multiple-sensor data via Inter-Integrated Circuit (I²C), Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI), and a low-power nRF24L01 mesh network, enabling distributed nodes for environment sensing and equipment control. Security and personalization are enhanced via on-device face detection/recognition for access control and role-based permissions. A cloud backend provides real-time data synchronization, event logging, and remote actuation, whereas a responsive web interface supports cross-platform supervision and configuration. A modular hardware–software architecture is described that emphasizes interoperability and cybersecurity through authenticated messaging, secure key provisioning, and adherence to embedded and web standards. A prototype was developed and evaluated in a warehouse-like testbed in Vietnam, assessing end-to-end latency, alert delivery reliability, recognition accuracy, node power budget, and Radio Frequency (RF) link robustness under typical indoor obstructions. Results demonstrate reliable data acquisition, responsive closed-loop control, and stable multi-device operation with seamless cloud integration, indicating suitability for day-to-day warehouse operations such as secure entry, device management, and environmental compliance.
Keywords:
indoor monitoring, control system, warning system, ESP32 microcontroller, nRF24L01 communication protocol, Internet of Things (IoT)Downloads
References
M. Alaa, A. A. Zaidan, B. B. Zaidan, M. Talal, and M. L. M. Kiah, "A review of smart home applications based on Internet of Things," Journal of Network and Computer Applications, vol. 97, pp. 48–65, Nov. 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2017.08.017
J. Gubbi, R. Buyya, S. Marusic, and M. Palaniswami, "Internet of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and future directions," Future Generation Computer Systems, vol. 29, no. 7, pp. 1645–1660, Sep. 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2013.01.010
T. Alshammari, "Using Artificial Neural Networks with GridSearchCV for Predicting Indoor Temperature in a Smart Home," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 13437–13443, Apr. 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.7008
L. Atzori, A. Iera, and G. Morabito, "The Internet of Things: A survey," Computer Networks, vol. 54, no. 15, pp. 2787–2805, Oct. 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2010.05.010
J. Wu, "A Basic Guide to I2C." Texas Instruments, 2022.
M. Kundu and A. Kumar, "A Review on Low Power SPI Protocol," International Journal of VLSI System Design and Communication Systems, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 193–195, Apr. 2014.
T. S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, 2nd ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009489843
P. Viola and M. Jones, "Rapid object detection using a boosted cascade of simple features," in Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Kauai, HI, USA, 2001, , p. I–I.
L. Moroney, "The Firebase Realtime Database," in The Definitive Guide to Firebase: Build Android Apps on Google’s Mobile Platform, Berkeley, CA, USA: Apress, 2017, pp. 51–71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-2943-9_3
R. T. Fielding, "Architectural styles and the design of network-based software architectures," Ph.D. dissertation, School of Information and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA, 2000.
S. Sicari, A. Rizzardi, L. A. Grieco, and A. Coen-Porisini, "Security, privacy and trust in Internet of Things: The road ahead," Computer Networks, vol. 76, pp. 146–164, Jan. 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2014.11.008
Downloads
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Tri Cuong Do, Tri Dung Dang
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) after its publication in ETASR with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
