A Study on the Determinants of the Transport Mode Choice of the Civil Servants in the Makassar Metropolitan Area
Received: 19 May 2025 | Revised: 8 September 2025 and 26 September 2025 | Accepted: 13 October 2025 | Online: 4 November 2025
Corresponding author: Muhammad Isran Ramli
Abstract
To reduce dependence on private transportation, the central government, specifically the Ministry of Transportation, has launched a program to provide urban mass transportation services in 10 metropolitan areas in Indonesia, including Makassar. Efforts to support this government policy must begin with the closest and smallest scope, which is the government employees themselves, usually referred to as civil servants. The present study examines the factors that influence the transportation mode choices of civil servant commuters. It also investigates the travel characteristics and individual preferences of civil servants while choosing their commuting modes. The study was conducted with 352 participants randomly selected from civil servants in Makassar. A questionnaire was constructed, consisting of socio-demographic, travel behavior, and mode preferences as factors affecting the estimation of individual mode choice. Multinomial Logistic Regression (MLR) was employed to identify the determinants of transport mode choice by commuters. Reliability and multicollinearity tests were used to validate the data and the results of the regression model obtained. It was found that the mode choice preference for private modes, public transport, and taxi bikes was significantly influenced by age, income, motorcycle ownership, travel distance, and travel cost among commuters who own both cars and motorcycles. Moreover, for those who owned only motorcycles, the mode choice preference for public transport was highly affected by age, income, and travel costs. As the determinant increased, they exhibited a greater tendency to use private vehicles rather than relying on public transportation.
Keywords:
transport mode choice, travel attributes, civil servants, commuters, multinomial logistic regressionDownloads
References
Y. Chen, C. Li, W. Wang, Y. Zhang, X. M. Chen, and Z. Gao, "The Landscape, Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities of Sustainable Mobility and Transport," npj Sustainable Mobility and Transport, vol. 2, no. 1, Feb. 2025, Art. no. 8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s44333-025-00026-8
A. D. Irjayanti, D. W. Sari, and I. Rosida, "Perilaku Pemilihan Moda Transportasi Pekerja Komuter: Studi Kasus Jabodetabek," Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Indonesia, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 125–147, July 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21002/jepi.v21i2.1340
"World Urbanization Prospects," United Nations, Population Division, 2017, https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/.
M. I. Sabil, M. I. Ramli, and S. A. Adisasmita, "Preference of Urban Commuters on Implementation of Rail-based Public Transportation Plan in Mamminasata Area," IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 1117, no. 1, Dec. 2022, Art. no. 012036. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1117/1/012036
F. Rachim, N. Khaerat Nur, S. Gusty, A. I. Yunus, A. Muh. Nurpadli, and Erdawati, "Study of Mode Preferences of Personal Transport Based on Distance Traveled and Length of Trip," in Proceedings of the First International Conference on Materials Engineering and Management - Engineering Section, Makassar, Indonesia, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2991/icmeme-18.2019.9
P. Hermawati, "Choices Models of Trip Chain and Transportation Mode for International Tourists in Tourism Destination Island," International Journal of GEOMATE, vol. 16, no. 55, Mar. 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21660/2019.55.88460
S. M. Noman, A. Ahmed, M. K. A. M. Lazi, and U. Gazder, "Trends of Mode Choice and Promotion of Sustainable Transportation in Mega City of Developing Countries: A Case Study for Karachi," Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport, vol. 125, pp. 191–212, Dec. 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20858/sjsutst.2024.125.13
R. G. Akanda Md, R. G. Sharmin, S. Monira, S. Mohiuddin, and N. Hossain, "Mode Choice Behaviour Analysis and Exploring Public Preferences for Introducing Bicycle: A Case Study in Rajshahi City," International Journal of Transportation Engineering and Technology, vol. 3, no. 4, Nov. 2017, Art. no. 53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijtet.20170304.12
R. Ashalatha, V. S. Manju, and A. B. Zacharia, "Mode Choice Behavior of Commuters in Thiruvananthapuram City," Journal of Transportation Engineering, vol. 139, no. 5, pp. 494–502, May 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000533
F. F. Bastarianto, M. Z. Irawan, C. Choudhury, D. Palma, and I. Muthohar, "A Tour-Based Mode Choice Model for Commuters in Indonesia (Bekasi–Jakarta)," Sustainability, vol. 11, no. 3, Feb. 2019, Art. no. 788. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11030788
F. L. Mayo and E. B. Taboada, "Ranking Factors Affecting Public Transport Mode Choice of Commuters in an Urban City of a Developing Country using Analytic Hierarchy Process: The Case Of Metro Cebu, Philippines," Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, vol. 4, Mar. 2020, Art. no. 100078. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2019.100078
L. Y. L. Loo, J. Corcoran, D. Mateo-Babiano, and R. Zahnow, "Transport Mode Choice in South East Asia: Investigating the Relationship between Transport Users' Perception and Travel Behaviour in Johor Bahru, Malaysia," Journal of Transport Geography, vol. 46, pp. 99–111, June 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2015.06.011
Y. Hong, E. Stüdeli, and M. Raubal, "Evaluating geospatial context information for travel mode detection," Journal of Transport Geography, vol. 113, Dec. 2023, Art. no. 103736. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2023.103736
M. Mwale, N. Pisa, and R. Luke, "Travel mode choices of residents in developing cities: A case study of Lusaka, Zambia," Journal of Transport and Supply Chain Management, vol. 18, July 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/jtscm.v18i0.1005
P. Gagnepain, C. Staropoli, A. Mayol, and S. Massoni, "The Effect of Public Transport Pricing Policy: Experimental Evidence." SSRN, 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4880413
D. R. Kusuma, "Pemodelan Pemilihan Moda Transportasi pada Komuter di Jabodetabek Menggunakan Bayesian Network dan Regresi Logistik Polytomous," Master's thesis, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia, 2018.
M. I. Ramli, Y. Oeda, T. Sumi, and C. Matsunaga, "Accommodating Flexible Daily Temporal Constraint on a Continuous Choice Model of Departure Time for Urban Shopping Travel," International Journal of Urban Sciences, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 215–233, Dec. 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/12265934.2011.635879
X. Zhou, Z. Ma, M. Wallace, and D. D. Harabor, "Departure Time Choice User Equilibrium for Public Transport Demand Management." arXiv, 2025.
N. B. RakaMandi and I. P. P. Winaya, "Transformation of Public Transport Based on Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and Implementation of Buy the Service (BTS) Scheme in A Metropolitan City of Sarbagita, Bali," International Journal of Current Science Research and Review, vol. 05, no. 07, July 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47191/ijcsrr/V5-i7-63
M. N. Prayudyanto and O. Z. Tamin, "Mode Shift Travel Demand Management Evaluation From Jakarta's Experience," Proceedings of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, vol. 7, 2009.
D. Mckeever and S. S. Dema, "Enhancing a Smart Mobility-Based Transport Management System (SMTMS) through Smart Innovation Systems and Technologies (SIST); A Case Study on Factors Influencing the Commuting Mode Choice of Civil Servant in the Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport, Thimphu, Bhutan," in 2023 International Conference on Emerging Research in Computational Science, Coimbatore, India, Dec. 2023, pp. 1–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICERCS57948.2023.10434085
A. Makkonen, K. Gluschkoff, J. Airaksinen, J. I. Halonen, P. Salo, and J. Ervasti, "Development of a Multifactorial Prediction Model for Commute Mode Choice in 10 983 Finnish Public Sector Employees: A Cross-Sectional Study," BMJ Open, vol. 14, no. 10, Oct. 2024, Art. no. e080276. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-080276
M. I. Sabil, M. I. Ramli, S. A. Adisasmita, and M. Hustim, "The preferences commuting of urban travel on the performance level services of public transportation micro bus (paratransit) in Makassar City," in 5th EPI International Conference on Science and Engineering, Gowa, Indonesia, Sep. 2021, Art. no. 070001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0268592
M. Ikhsan Sabil, M. Isran Ramli, S. Adji Adisasmita, and M. Hustim, "The Mode Choice Model of Civil Servant Commuters in Makassar City," Journal of Business Leadership and Management, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 80–87, Dec. 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.59762/jblm845920461220231206111812
I. G. B. R. Utama, I. N. Laba, N. L. C. P. S. Suyasa, N. P. D. Krismawintari, and S. B. Turker, "Travel Route Design Bali Tourism Destination," SSRN Electronic Journal, no. 5, pp. 493–501, May 2021.
M. I. Ramli et al., "Passenger's Choice in Responding to Inter-City Railway Operation for Makassar - Parepare Line: A Conditional Logit Model Based on Stated Preference Method," IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 933, no. 1, Sept. 2020, Art. no. 012045. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/933/1/012045
Makassar City in Figures 2024, Jakarta, Indonesia: Central Statistics Agency of Makassar City, 2024.
J. Ž. Mikuličić, I. Kolanović, A. Jugović, and D. Brnos, "Evaluation of Service Quality in Passenger Transport with a Focus on Liner Maritime Passenger Transport—A Systematic Review," Sustainability, vol. 16, no. 3, Jan. 2024, Art. no. 1125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su16031125
R. A. M. Madhuwanthi, A. Marasinghe, R. P. C. J. Rajapakse, A. D. Dharmawansa, and S. Nomura, "Factors Influencing to Travel Behavior on Transport Mode Choice: - A Case of Colombo Metropolitan Area in Sri Lanka -," International Journal of Affective Engineering, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 63–72, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5057/ijae.IJAE-D-15-00044
L. Ambarwati, A. K. Indriastuti, Y. P. Devia, and D. N. Sari, "Can the Design of Space-Transport Development Strategies Influence on Noise Pollution?," MATEC Web of Conferences, vol. 138, Art. no. 07017, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201713807017
I. Ismiyati and F. Hermawan, "Lifestyle as an Influential Factor to Urban Mobility Transport: a Case Study of Semarang City, Indonesia," IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 123, Feb. 2018, Art. no. 012020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/123/1/012020
M. K. M. Ganzon and A. M. Fillone, "Choice Analysis of Tourist Spots: The Case of Guimaras Province." Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, 2013, pp. 515–524.
J.-K. Eom, K.-S. Lee, S. Ko, and J. Lee, "Exploring Travel Mode Preference of External Trips for Smart City Transportation Planning: Sejong, Korea," Sustainability, vol. 14, no. 2, Jan. 2022, Art. no. 630. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14020630
T. T. R. Koo, C.-L. (Richard) Wu, and L. Dwyer, "Ground Travel Mode Choices of Air Arrivals at Regional Destinations: the Significance of Tourism Attributes and Destination Contexts," Research in Transportation Economics, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 44–53, Jan. 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2009.10.007
I. G. A. Andani, L. La Paix Puello, and K. Geurs, "Modelling Effects of Changes in Travel Time and Costs of Toll Road Usage on Choices for Residential Location, Route and Travel Mode Across Population Segments in The Jakarta-Bandung Region, Indonesia," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, vol. 145, pp. 81–102, Mar. 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2020.12.012
J. Ha, S. Lee, and J. Ko, "Unraveling the Impact of Travel Time, Cost, and Transit Burdens on Commute Mode Choice for Different Income and Age Groups," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, vol. 141, pp. 147–166, Nov. 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2020.07.020
D. Deka and J. Carnegie, "Predicting Transit Mode Choice of New Jersey Workers Commuting to New York City From a Stated Preference Survey," Journal of Transport Geography, vol. 91, Feb. 2021, Art. no. 102965. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2021.102965
C. Atombo and T. Dzigbordi Wemegah, "Indicators for Commuter's Satisfaction and Usage of High Occupancy Public Bus Transport Service in Ghana," Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, vol. 11, Sept. 2021, Art. no. 100458. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2021.100458
D. Purbohadi, L. Marifatul Azizah, L. Kurniasari, N. Diah Wulandari, N. Pratiwi, and P. Hastuti, "Clustering Commuter Behavior based on Automated Fare Collection (AFC)," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 19831–19837, Feb. 2025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.8899
Downloads
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Ikhsan Sabil, Muhammad Isran Ramli, Sakti Adji Adisasmita, Muralia Hustim
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) after its publication in ETASR with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
