Image Watermarking for Tamper Correction Based on Hamming Error Correcting Code
Received: 21 April 2025 | Revised: 16 May 2025 | Accepted: 1 June 2025 | Online: 28 June 2025
Corresponding author: Gandharba Swain
Abstract
Watermarking techniques are designed to embed a watermark in a manner that enables precise detection of tampering at the receiver side. This article presents an image watermarking and tamper detection technique based on a modified Hamming code. The watermarking process is applied to each individual pixel of the gray image, with each pixel is represented using 8 bits. The 4 higher plane bits of a pixel are designated as data bits, and based on these, 3 redundant bits are computed. These 3 redundant bits are then modified using a Logistic Map (LM). Furthermore, based on the 4 data bits and 3 modified redundant bits, a parity bit is computed. The 3 modified redundant bits along with the parity bit form the Watermark Bits (WBs), which are embedded into the Least Significant Bit (LSB) positions of the pixel. This process results in a watermarked pixel. In the event that a single bit is tampered with, it can be easily identified and corrected at the receiver according to the detection and correction logic. The Hiding Capacity (HC) is 4 bits per pixel, and the distortion measure is 31 dB. Although the similarity index is reduced the accuracy of tamper detection is significantly improved.
Keywords:
tamper correction, image integrity check, watermarking, modified Hamming code, logistic mapDownloads
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Copyright (c) 2025 Pinapati Lakshmana Rao, Reshma Sonar, Nanditha Boddu, Anita Pradhan, Ranjan K. Senapati, Gandharba Swain
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