Correlation between Static and Dynamic Elastic Modulus of Soil by Triaxial Tests in Various Effective Consolidation Stresses
Received: 5 February 2025 | Revised: 24 February 2025 | Accepted: 13 March 2025 | Online: 3 April 2025
Corresponding author: Van Hieu Nguyen
Abstract
This paper presents the behavior of gravelly soil specimens subjected to static and dynamic loading under undrained conditions, as investigated through laboratory triaxial tests. The experiments were performed on gravelly soil specimens with a relative compaction of 0.98 when the effective consolidation stress was varied with three different levels: 100 kPa, 150 kPa, and 180 kPa. The experimental results show that under the effect of static load and dynamic load in the undrained triaxial test, excess pore water pressure is formed during the loading process. After a period of applied load, the pore water pressure increases and causes specimen destruction. Then, the axial strain increases dramatically and is unable to recover. Regarding the change in effective consolidation stress on the specimen, the initial strength values increase as the effective consolidation stress increases. This is also expressed by the ratio of dynamic elastic modulus to the static one (Ed/E0), which is equal to 1.587 in the effective consolidation stress of 100 kPa, 1.622 in the effective consolidation stress of 150 kPa, and 1.684 in the effective consolidation stress of 180 kPa. This study highlights the necessity to consider soil behavior under static and dynamic load to improve the understanding of soil mechanics and aid in the design of safer and more efficient structures.
Keywords:
gravelly soil, static load, dynamic load, effective consolidation stress, triaxial testsDownloads
References
D. C. Ferreira and F. Massad, "Evaluation of stress history and undrained shear strength of three marine clays using semi-empirical methods based on Piezocone Test," Soils and Rocks, vol. 45, Mar. 2022, Art. no. e2022075221.
Z. Zhu et al., "Effect of the loading frequency on the sand liquefaction behaviour in cyclic triaxial tests," Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, vol. 147, Aug. 2021, Art. no. 106779.
N. A. Tuan and P. Q. Chieu, "The Effect of Moisture and Fine Grain Content on the Resilient Modulus of Sandy Clay Embankment Roadbed," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 7118–7124, Jun. 2021.
J. T. H. Wu, C.-Y. Tung, M. T. Adams, and J. E. Nicks, "Analysis of Stress-Deformation Behavior of Soil-Geosynthetic Composites in Plane Strain Condition," Transportation Infrastructure Geotechnology, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 210–230, Sep. 2018.
G. E. Barnes, Soil Mechanics. London, UK: Macmillan Education, 1995.
J. C. Wang, M. J. Zhao, W. Chen, and K. Wang, "Comparison of Dynamic and Static Triaxial Test on the Soil-Rock Mediums," Advanced Materials Research, vol. 446–449, pp. 1563–1567, 2012.
J. Li, J. Cui, Y. Shan, Y. Li, and B. Ju, "Dynamic Shear Modulus and Damping Ratio of Sand–Rubber Mixtures under Large Strain Range," Materials, vol. 13, no. 18, Jan. 2020, Art. no. 4017.
V. T. Phan and T. T. H. Nguyen, "Elastic and Deformation Characteristics of MSWI Bottom Ash for Road Construction," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 6389–6392, Dec. 2020.
T. Pham, Md. W. Zaman, and T. Vu, "Modeling Triaxial Testing with Flexible Membrane to Investigate Effects of Particle Size on Strength and Strain Properties of Cohesionless Soil," Transportation Infrastructure Geotechnology, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 417–441, Aug. 2022.
D422 - 63 Standard Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils. West Conshohocken, PA, USA: ASTM International, 2002
D698-12 Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort. West Conshohocken, PA, USA: ASTM International, 2021.
B. M. Das and K. Sobhan, Principles of Geotechnical Engineering, 8th edition. Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning, 2013.
T. D. Van, H. N. Van, and T. P. Duc, "Behavior of Sand Specimens Subjected to Cyclic Loads under Drained and Undrained Conditions in Variable Loading Amplitudes," Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 268–279, Mar. 2024.
D1557-12 Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort. West Conshohocken, PA, USA: ASTM International, 2021.
D2850-23 Standard Test Method for Unconsolidated-Undrained Triaxial Compression Test on Cohesive Soils. West Conshohocken, PA, USA: ASTM International, 2023.
D3999 Standard Test Methods for the Determination of the Modulus and Damping Properties of Soils Using the Cyclic Triaxial Apparatus. West Conshohocken, PA, USA: ASTM International, 2019.
D4767-11 Standard Test Method for Consolidated Undrained Triaxial Compression Test for Cohesive Soils. West Conshohocken, PA, USA: ASTM International, 2020.
D7181 - 20 Standard Test Method for Consolidated Drained Triaxial Compression Test for Soils. West Conshohocken, PA, USA: ASTM International, 2020.
I. J. Alhani, W. M. Albadri, M. J. M. Noor, S. Y. Wong, and K. Y. Wong, "Technique to Avoid Membrane Punching During Triaxial Test of Crushed Aggregate," Transportation Infrastructure Geotechnology, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 349–360, Sep. 2021.
Geotech data, "Cohesion", https://www.geotechdata.info/parameter/cohesion.
V. Jagodnik and Ž. Arbanas, "Cyclic Behaviour of Uniform Sand in Drained and Undrained Conditions at Low Confining Stress in Small-Scale Landslide Model," Sustainability, vol. 14, no. 19, Jan. 2022, Art. no. 12797.
Downloads
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Van Hieu Nguyen, Van Thuy Do, Xuan Bang Nguyen, Duc Tiep Pham
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) after its publication in ETASR with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
