The Enhancing Influence of Process Parameters on Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Composites Reinforced with Microcrystalline Cellulose

Authors

  • Yosafat Kukuh Priambodo Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia
  • Cahyo Hadi Wibowo Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia
  • Dody Ariawan Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4318-3663
  • Wijang Wisnu Raharjo Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8487-923X
  • Huda Firdautama Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia
  • Irvian Adhana Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia
Volume: 15 | Issue: 4 | Pages: 24924-24929 | August 2025 | https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.10244

Received: 14 January 2025 | Revised: 7 May 2025 and 19 May 2025 | Accepted: 21 May 2025 | Online: 2 August 2025


Corresponding author: Dody Ariawan

Abstract

This study investigates the effects of different synthesis parameters of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene/Microcrystalline Cellulose (ABS)/(MCC) composites on their physical, mechanical, and morphological properties. Composites were fabricated using a twin-screw extruder followed by hot pressing, with variations in the MCC volume fraction (0–8 vol%), screw speeds (10–20 rpm), and extrusion temperatures (150–170 ℃). Density and flexural strength tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM standards, and the surface morphology was analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The results showed that incorporating 2–4 vol% of MCC improved both density and flexural strength by reducing voids and enhancing interfacial bonding. However, higher MCC contents led to particle agglomeration and diminished performance. A lower screw speed of 10 rpm facilitated better filler dispersion and stronger interfacial adhesion, yielding the highest flexural strength. Conversely, excessive screw speeds and elevated extrusion temperatures caused filler degradation, matrix shrinkage, and void formation, negatively impacting composite integrity. These findings demonstrate that careful optimization of filler content and processing parameters is essential to produce high-performance ABS/MCC composites with improved structural and mechanical characteristics.

Keywords:

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS), Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC) filler, screw rotation speed, extrusion temperature, mechanical properties

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

A. Zulfi, D. A. Hapidin, M. M. Munir, F. Iskandar, and K. Khairurrijal, "The synthesis of nanofiber membranes from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) waste using electrospinning for use as air filtration media," RSC Advances, vol. 9, no. 53, pp. 30741–30751, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C9RA04877D

D. G. Zisopol, I. Nae, A. I. Portoaca, and I. Ramadan, "A Statistical Approach of the Flexural Strength of PLA and ABS 3D Printed Parts," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research," vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 8248–8252, Apr. 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.4739

S. Kapoor, M. Goyal, and P. Jindal, "Effect of functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes on thermal and mechanical properties of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene nanocomposite," Journal of Polymer Research, vol. 27, no. 2, Feb. 2020, Art. no. 40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-020-2014-z

M. Harris, J. Potgieter, S. Ray, R. Archer, and K. M. Arif, "Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene and Polypropylene Blend with Enhanced Thermal and Mechanical Properties for Fused Filament Fabrication," Materials, vol. 12, no. 24, Dec. 2019, Art. no. 4167. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12244167

B. E. Tiganis, L. S. Burn, P. Davis, and A. J. Hill, "Thermal degradation of acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) blends," Polymer Degradation and Stability, vol. 76, no. 3, pp. 425–434, Jun. 2002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(02)00045-9

N. Rasana, K. Jayanarayanan, H. T. Mohan, and T. Keller, "Static and dynamic mechanical properties of nanosilica and multiwalled carbon nanotube reinforced acrylonitrile butadiene styrene composites: theoretical mechanism of nanofiller reinforcement," Iranian Polymer Journal, vol. 30, no. 11, pp. 1211–1225, Nov. 2021.. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13726-021-00962-5

S. G. Nukala, I. Kong, A. B. Kakarla, W. Kong, and W. Kong, "Development of Wood Polymer Composites from Recycled Wood and Plastic Waste: Thermal and Mechanical Properties," Journal of Composites Science, vol. 6, no. 7, Jul. 2022, Art. no. 194. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs6070194

N. C. Das and S. Maiti, "Electromagnetic interference shielding of carbon nanotube/ethylene vinyl acetate composites," Journal of Materials Science, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 1920–1925, Mar. 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-008-2458-8

V. K. Sachdev, S. K. Sharma, M. Tomar, V. Gupta, and R. P. Tandon, "EMI shielding of MWCNT/ABS nanocomposites in contrast to graphite/ABS composites and MWCNT/PS nanocomposites," RSC Advances, vol. 6, no. 51, pp. 45049–45058, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA04200G

A. T. Phung, H. T. Dzung, N. P. D. Linh, V. M. Duc, and N. T. Liem, "Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene/wood sawdust particles composites: mechanical and morphological properties," Iranian Polymer Journal, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 67–78, Jan. 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13726-023-01236-y

P. Peter, N. Rasana, K. Jayanarayanan, and M. Remanan, "Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Hybrid Composite with Aluminium Nitride and MWCNT Nanofillers: Evaluation of Thermomechanical and Wear Behaviour," Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 1941–1954, Mar. 2025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-024-03396-7

N. Sriputtha, F. Wiwatwongwana, and N. Promma, "Investigation of Polycaprolactone/Carboxymethyl Cellulose Scaffolds by Mechanical and Thermal Analysis," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 8175–8179, Feb. 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.4711

E. C. Ramires, J. D. Megiatto, A. Dufresne, and E. Frollini, "Cellulose Nanocrystals versus Microcrystalline Cellulose as Reinforcement of Lignopolyurethane Matrix," Fibers, vol. 8, no. 4, Mar. 2020, Art. no. 21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/fib8040021

S. P. Bangar, O. J. Esua, C. Nickhil, and W. S. Whiteside, "Microcrystalline cellulose for active food packaging applications: A review," Food Packaging and Shelf Life, vol. 36, Apr. 2023, Art. no. 101048. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2023.101048

W. Pan et al., "Construction of microcrystalline cellulose-based composite cathode materials with three-dimensional tertiary spatial conduction structures and their enhanced electrochemical properties," Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, vol. 980, Mar. 2025, Art. no. 118942. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2025.118942

C. H. Wibowo, D. Ariawan, E. Surojo, and S. Sunardi, "Microcrystalline Cellulose as Composite Reinforcement: Assessment and Future Prospects," Materials Science Forum, vol. 1122, pp. 65–80, May 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/p-viYb6d

E. Gorgun, A. Ali, and Md. S. Islam, "Biocomposites of Poly(Lactic Acid) and Microcrystalline Cellulose: Influence of the Coupling Agent on Thermomechanical and Absorption Characteristics," ACS Omega, vol. 9, no. 10, pp. 11523–11533, Mar. 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.3c08448

T. Sango, A. Koubaa, M. Ragoubi, M. C. N. Yemele, and N. Leblanc, "Insights into the functionalities of cellulose acetate and microcrystalline cellulose on water absorption, crystallization, and thermal degradation kinetics of a ternary polybutylene succinate-based hybrid composite," Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 222, Dec. 2024,Art. no. 119572. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2024.119572

W. S. Yong, Y. L. Yeu, P. P. Chung, and K. H. Soon, "Extraction and Characterization of Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC) from Durian Rind for Biocomposite Application," Journal of Polymers and the Environment, vol. 32, no. 12, pp. 6544–6575, Dec. 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-024-03401-7

F. Zhang et al., "Effect of micro-cellulose fiber on the mechanical, shrinkage properties and ballistic impact resistance of high-performance cement composites," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 463, Feb. 2025, Art. no. 139963. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.139963

P. Balan et al., "Microcrystalline cellulose extraction from comprehensive characterization of Mangifera indica leaf biowaste for high-performance bio-based polymer composites," Journal of Polymer Research, vol. 32, no. 1, Jan. 2025, Art. no. 23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-024-04251-6

H. Fouad et al., "Preparation and characterization of carboxymethyl microcrystalline cellulose from pineapple leaf fibre," Scientific Reports, vol. 14, no. 1, Oct. 2024, Art. no. 23286. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-73860-4

I. García-Castellanos, D. Nath, R. Krishnan, M. Misra, and A. K. Mohanty, "Green Composites from Plasticized Cellulose Acetate and Microcrystalline Cellulose: Effect of Maleated Cellulose Acetate on the Biocomposite Performance," ACS Sustainable Resource Management, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 594–604, Apr. 2025.. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acssusresmgt.4c00484

P. Wetchakama, S. Boopasiri, P. Sae-Oui, P. Poosimma, and C. Siriwong, "Preparation and Application of a Zinc Oxide/Microcrystalline Cellulose Composite as a Cure Activator in Comparison with a Commercial Zinc Oxide Composite," ACS Omega, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 5953–5962, Feb. 2025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.4c09909

A. Kiziltas, D. J. Gardner, Y. Han, and H.-S. Yang, "Mechanical Properties of Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC) Filled Engineering Thermoplastic Composites," Journal of Polymers and the Environment, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 365–372, Sep. 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-014-0676-5

K. Crews, C. Huntley, D. Cooley, B. Phillips, and M. Curry, "Influence of Cellulose on the Mechanical and Thermal Stability of ABS Plastic Composites," International Journal of Polymer Science, vol. 2016, pp. 1–10, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9043086

J. Chen, X. Wang, Z. Long, S. Wang, J. Zhang, and L. Wang, "Preparation and performance of thermoplastic starch and microcrystalline cellulose for packaging composites: Extrusion and hot pressing," International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, vol. 165, pp. 2295–2302, Dec. 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.117

A. Selvam, S. Mayilswamy, R. Whenish, R. Velu, and B. Subramanian, "Preparation and Evaluation of the Tensile Characteristics of Carbon Fiber Rod Reinforced 3D Printed Thermoplastic Composites," Journal of Composites Science, vol. 5, no. 1, Dec. 2020, Art. no. 8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs5010008

Z. Weng, J. Wang, T. Senthil, and L. Wu, "Mechanical and thermal properties of ABS/montmorillonite nanocomposites for fused deposition modeling 3D printing," Materials & Design, vol. 102, pp. 276–283, Jul. 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.04.045

T. S. S and M. M, "An experimental analysis of mechanical properties for a dissimilar pattern structure in the 3-D printing of a PLA5F filament using the Taguchi method," Materials Research Express, vol. 11, no. 10, Oct. 2024, Art. no. 105304. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ad82af

R. Subramani, A. K. Kalidass, M. D. Muneeswaran, and B. Gantala Lakshmipathi, "Effect of fused deposition modeling process parameter in influence of mechanical property of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene polymer," Applied Chemical Engineering, vol. 7, no. 1, Jan. 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24294/ace.v7i1.3576

C. S. Davis, K. E. Hillgartner, S. H. Han, and J. E. Seppala, "Mechanical strength of welding zones produced by polymer extrusion additive manufacturing," Additive Manufacturing, vol. 16, pp. 162–166, Aug. 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2017.06.006

R. Maertens, L. Schöttl, W. V. Liebig, P. Elsner, and K. A. Weidenmann, "Study of material homogeneity in the long fiber thermoset injection molding process by image texture analysis," Advanced Manufacturing: Polymer & Composites Science, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 22–32, Jan. 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/20550340.2022.2033905

A. A. Yussuf, I. Massoumi, and A. Hassan, "Comparison of Polylactic Acid/Kenaf and Polylactic Acid/Rise Husk Composites: The Influence of the Natural Fibers on the Mechanical, Thermal and Biodegradability Properties," Journal of Polymers and the Environment, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 422–429, Sep. 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-010-0185-0

D. Trache et al., "Microcrystalline cellulose: Isolation, characterization and bio-composites application—A review," International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, vol. 93, pp. 789–804, Dec. 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.09.056

Test Method for Density of High-Modulus Fibers, ASTM D3800-22, ASTM International, May 2022.

Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials, ASTM D790-17, ASTM International, Jul. 2017.

A. Ashori and A. Nourbakhsh, "Performance properties of microcrystalline cellulose as a reinforcing agent in wood plastic composites," Composites Part B: Engineering, vol. 41, no. 7, pp. 578–581, Oct. 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2010.05.004

I. Adhana, D. F. Smaradhana, D. Ariawan, W. W. Raharjo, and B. Yusuf, "Effect of Screw Rotation Speed on Mechanical Properties and Morphology of Abs/Mcc Composites," Mekanika: Majalah Ilmiah Mekanika, vol. 22, no. 1, Mar. 2023, Art. no. 23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20961/mekanika.v22i1.70884

G. Graninger, S. Kumar, G. Garrett, and B. G. Falzon, "Effect of shear forces on dispersion-related properties of microcrystalline cellulose-reinforced EVOH composites for advanced applications," Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, vol. 139, Dec. 2020, Art. no. 106103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2020.106103

O. Ulkir, I. Ertugrul, S. Ersoy, and B. Yağımlı, "The Effects of Printing Temperature on the Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene," Applied Sciences, vol. 14, no. 8, Apr. 2024, Art. no. 3376. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app14083376

A. Kiziltas, D. J. Gardner, Y. Han, and H.-S. Yang, "Determining the mechanical properties of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC)-filled PET-PTT blend composites," Wood and Fiber Science, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 165–176, Apr. 2010.

H.-S. Yang, H.-J. Kim, J. Son, H.-J. Park, B.-J. Lee, and T.-S. Hwang, "Rice-husk flour filled polypropylene composites; mechanical and morphological study," Composite Structures, vol. 63, no. 3–4, pp. 305–312, Feb. 2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-8223(03)00179-X

R. S. Chen, S. Ahmad, M. H. Ab Ghani, M. N. Salleh, and Gan, "Influence of Screw Speed on the Mechanical Properties of Twin-Screw Extruded Rice Husk Flour Recycled Thermoplastic Composites," in International Conference on Agricultural, Ecological and Medical Sciences (AEMS-2015) Feb. 10-11, 2015 Penang (Malaysia), Feb. 2015.

N. S. Çeti̇N, N. Özmen Çeti̇N, and D. P. Harper, "Vinyl acetate-modified microcrystalline cellulose-reinforced HDPE compositesprepared by twin-screw extrusion," Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, vol. 39, pp. 39–47, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3906/tar-1402-115

S. Hassanifard and K. Behdinan, "Impact of Rheology-Based Optimum Parameters on Enhancing the Mechanical Properties and Fatigue of Additively Manufactured Acrylonitrile–Butadiene–Styrene/Graphene Nanoplatelet Composites," Polymers, vol. 16, no. 9, May 2024, Art. no. 1273. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16091273

L. P. Fonseca, W. R. Waldman, and M. A. De Paoli, "ABS composites with cellulose fibers: Towards fiber-matrix adhesion without surface modification," Composites Part C: Open Access, vol. 5, Jul. 2021, Art. no. 100142. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomc.2021.100142

W. N. R. W. Jaafar, S. N. Surip, and N. N. Azmi, "Effect of Screw Rotation Speed on Mechanical Properties of Extruded PLA/Kenaf Nanocomposites," Advanced Materials Research, vol. 748, pp. 61–64, Aug. 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.748.61

Downloads

How to Cite

[1]
Y. K. Priambodo, C. H. Wibowo, D. Ariawan, W. W. Raharjo, H. Firdautama, and I. Adhana, “The Enhancing Influence of Process Parameters on Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Composites Reinforced with Microcrystalline Cellulose”, Eng. Technol. Appl. Sci. Res., vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 24924–24929, Aug. 2025.

Metrics

Abstract Views: 227
PDF Downloads: 386

Metrics Information

License

Copyright (c) 2025 Yosafat Kukuh Priambodo, Cahyo Hadi Wibowo, Dody Ariawan, Wijang Wisnu Raharjo, Huda Firdautama, Irvian Adhana

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

- Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.

- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.

- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) after its publication in ETASR with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.

Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC