Assessment of Shear Strength Models for Squat Rectangular Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls
16 August 2024 | Revised: 16 September 2024 | Accepted: 19 September 2024 | Online: 2 December 2024
Corresponding author: Duy-Duan Nguyen
Abstract
The shear strength is a critical parameter in the design of Reinforced Concrete (RC) shear walls subjected to lateral loads. Numerous design codes and published studies have proposed formulas for calculating the shear strength of squat RC walls. However, there is a discrepancy between the calculated and experimental results. This study aims to evaluate various models for the calculation of the shear strength of rectangular squat RC walls using 312 databases collected from the literature. The shear strength of the RC walls was calculated using eight code- and empirical-based models, while the input parameters were obtained from the experimental database. The results were evaluated utilizing two statistical indicators: coefficient of determination and root-mean-squared error. The analysis of the results revealed that the model of C. K. Gulec and A. S. Whittaker is the optimal model, followed by the models of S. L. Wood and Eurocode-8 (EC8).
Keywords:
design code, empirical formula, experimental data, rectangular squat RC wall, shear strengthDownloads
References
C. K. Gulec, A. S. Whittaker, and B. Stojadinovic, "Shear Strength of Squat Rectangular Reinforced Concrete Walls," Structural Journal, vol. 105, no. 4, pp. 488–497, Jul. 2008
T. A. Nguyen, N. M. Pham, T. C. Vo, and D. D. Nguyen, "Assessment of Shear Strength Models of Reinforced Concrete Columns," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 9440–9444, Dec. 2022
F. Barda, J. M. Hanson, and W. G. Corley, "Shear Strength of Low-Rise Walls with Boundary Elements," Reinforced Concrete Structures in Seismic Zones, SP-53, vol. 21, no. 46, pp. 149–202, 1977.
S. L. Wood, "Shear Strength of Low-Rise Reinforced Concrete Walls," Structural Journal, vol. 87, no. 1, pp. 99–107, Jan. 1990.
A. Sánchez-Alejandre and S. M. Alcocer, "Shear strength of squat reinforced concrete walls subjected to earthquake loading — trends and models," Engineering Structures, vol. 32, no. 8, pp. 2466–2476, Aug. 2010.
C. K. Gulec and A. S. Whittaker, "Empirical Equations for Peak Shear Strength of Low Aspect Ratio Reinforced Concrete Walls," Structural Journal, vol. 108, no. 1, pp. 80–89, Jan. 2011.
W. Kassem, "Shear strength of squat walls: A strut-and-tie model and closed-form design formula," Engineering Structures, vol. 84, pp. 430–438, Feb. 2015.
C. M. Adorno Bonilla, "Shear strength and displacement capacity of squat reinforced concrete shear walls," PhD dissertation, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico, 2016.
ACI CODE-318-14: Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary. American Concrete Institute, 2014.
ASCE/SEI 43-05: Seismic Design Criteria for Structures, Systems, and Components in Nuclear Facilities. Reston, Virginia, USA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2005.
Eurocode 8: Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance - Part 1: General Rules, Seismic Actions and Rules for Buildings. Brussels: European Committee for Standardization, 2004.
A. R. Khoso, J. S. Khan, R. U. Faiz, M. A. Akhund, A. Ahmed, and F. Memon, "Identification of Building Failure Indicators," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 4591–4595, Oct. 2019.
H. Ullah, M. Rizwan, M. Fahad, and S. a. A. Shah, "Seismic Evaluation of the RC Moment Frame Structure using the Shake Table," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 6674–6679, Feb. 2021.
L. Hamzaoui and T. Bouzid, "The Proposition of an EI Equation of Square and L–Shaped Slender Reinforced Concrete Columns under Combined Loading," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 7100–7106, Jun. 2021.
K. I. Christidis, E. Vougioukas, and K. G. Trezos, "Strengthening of non-conforming RC shear walls using different steel configurations," Engineering Structures, vol. 124, pp. 258–268, Oct. 2016.
K. I. Christidis and K. G. Trezos, "Experimental investigation of existing non-conforming RC shear walls," Engineering Structures, vol. 140, pp. 26–38, Jun. 2017.
N. C. Mickleborough, F. Ning, and C.-M. Chan, "Prediction of Stiffness of Reinforced Concrete Shearwalls under Service Loads," Structural Journal, vol. 96, no. 6, pp. 1018–1026, Nov. 1999.
J. Ma and B. Li, "Experimental and Analytical Studies on H-Shaped Reinforced Concrete Squat Walls," Structural Journal, vol. 115, no. 2, pp. 425–438, Mar. 2018.
F. E. Farvashany, S. J. Foster, and B. V. Rangan, "Strength and Deformation of High-Strength Concrete Shearwalls," Structural Journal, vol. 105, no. 1, pp. 21–29, Jan. 2008.
D. Palermo and F. J. Vecchio, "Behavior of Three-Dimensional Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls," Structural Journal, vol. 99, no. 1, pp. 81–89, Jan. 2002.
Y. L. Mo and J. Chan, "Behavior of reinforced-concrete-framed shear walls," Nuclear Engineering and Design, vol. 166, no. 1, pp. 55–68, Oct. 1996.
A. C. Birely, "Seismic Performance of Slender Reinforced Concrete Structural Walls," PhD dissertation, University of Washington, Seattle, USA, 2013.
J. W. Wallace, K. J. Elwood, and L. M. Massone, "Investigation of the Axial Load Capacity for Lightly Reinforced Wall Piers," Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 134, no. 9, pp. 1548–1557, Sep. 2008.
Y. Zhang and Z. Wang, "Seismic Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls Subjected to High Axial Loading," Structural Journal, vol. 97, no. 5, pp. 739–750, Sep. 2000.
J. P. Rivera and A. S. Whittaker, "Damage and Peak Shear Strength of Low-Aspect-Ratio Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls," Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 145, no. 11, Nov. 2019, Art. no. 04019141.
L. M. Massone Sanchez, "RC wall shear - flexure interaction: analytical and experimental responses," PhD dissertation, California, Los Angeles, USA, 2006.
M.-Y. Cheng, S.-C. Hung, R. D. Lequesne, and A. Lepage, "Earthquake-Resistant Squat Walls Reinforced with High- Strength Steel," Structural Journal, vol. 113, no. 5, pp. 1065–1076, Sep. 2016.
J.-W. Baek, H.-G. Park, J.-H. Lee, and C.-J. Bang, "Cyclic Loading Test for Walls of Aspect Ratio 1.0 and 0.5 with Grade 550 MPa (80 ksi) Shear Reinforcing Bars," Structural Journal, vol. 114, no. 4, pp. 969–982, Jul. 2017.
H.-G. Park, J.-W. Baek, J.-H. Lee, and H.-M. Shin, "Cyclic Loading Tests for Shear Strength of Low-Rise Reinforced Concrete Walls with Grade 550 MPa Bars," Structural Journal, vol. 112, no. 3, pp. 299–310, May 20.
P. Riva and A. Franchi, "Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Walls with Welded Wire Mesh Subjected to Cyclic Loading," Structural Journal, vol. 98, no. 3, pp. 324–334, May 2001.
K. Pilakoutas and A. Elnashai, "Cyclic Behavior of RC Cantilever Walls, Part I: Experimental Results," Structural Journal, vol. 92, no. 3, pp. 271–281, 1995.
T. N. Salonikios, A. J. Kappos, I. A. Tegos, and G. G. Penelis, "Cyclic Load Behavior of Low-Slenderness Reinforced Concrete Walls: Design Basis and Test Results," Structural Journal, vol. 96, no. 4, pp. 649–660, Jul. 1999.
L. M. Massone, "Strength prediction of squat structural walls via calibration of a shear–flexure interaction model," Engineering Structures, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 922–932, Apr. 2010.
P. A. Hidalgo, C. A. Ledezma, and R. M. Jordan, "Seismic Behavior of Squat Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls," Earthquake Spectra, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 287–308, May 2002.
J. Ma, C.-L. Ning, and B. Li, "Peak Shear Strength of Flanged Reinforced Concrete Squat Walls," Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 146, no. 4, Apr. 2020, Art. no. 04020037.
M. Del Carpio Ramos, A. S. Whittaker, and C. K. Gulec, "Predictive Equations for the Peak Shear Strength of Low-Aspect Ratio Reinforced Concrete Walls," Journal of Earthquake Engineering, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 159–187, Feb. 2012.
B. N. Luna, J. P. Rivera, J. F. Rocks, C. Goksu, and A. S. Whittaker, "Seismic behavior of low aspect ratio reinforced concrete shear walls," presented at the 22nd International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology, San Francisco, California, USA, 2013.
B. N. Luna, "Seismic response of low aspect ratio reinforced concrete walls for buildings and safety-related nuclear applications," PhD dissertation, Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, State University of New York, Buffalo, USA, 2015.
M. Hirosawa, Past experimental results on reinforced concrete shear walls and analysis on them. Building Research Institute, Ministry of Construction, 1975.
M. J. Moradi and M. A. Hariri-Ardebili, "Developing a Library of Shear Walls Database and the Neural Network Based Predictive Meta-Model," Applied Sciences, vol. 9, no. 12, Jan. 2019, Art. no. 2562.
T. Terzioglu, K. Orakcal, and L. M. Massone, "Cyclic lateral load behavior of squat reinforced concrete walls," Engineering Structures, vol. 160, pp. 147–160, Apr. 2018.
A. E. Cardenas, H. G. Russell, and W. G. Corley, "Strength of Low-Rise Structural Walls," Special Publication, vol. 63, pp. 221–242, Aug. 1980.
S. Epackachi and A. S. Whittaker, "A validated numerical model for predicting the in-plane seismic response of lightly reinforced, low-aspect ratio reinforced concrete shear walls," Engineering Structures, vol. 168, pp. 589–611, Aug. 2018.
I. D. Lefas, M. D. Kotsovos, and N. N. Ambraseys, "Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Structural Walls: Strength, Deformation Characteristics, and Failure Mechanism," Structural Journal, vol. 87, no. 1, pp. 23–31, Jan. 1990.
T. A. Tran and J. W. Wallace, "Cyclic Testing of Moderate-Aspect-Ratio Reinforced Concrete Structural Walls," Structural Journal, vol. 112, no. 6, pp. 653–665, Nov. 2015.
Downloads
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Duc-Xuan Nguyen, Xuan-Hung Vu, Kieu-Vinh T. Nguyen, Duy-Duan Nguyen
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) after its publication in ETASR with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.