Performance of Bitumen Emulsion Mixtures utilized as Gravel Road Base incorporating Lateritic Clay Soil and Calcined Sugarcane Bagasse Ash Filler
Received: 12 July 2024 | Revised: 2 August 2024 | Accepted: 14 August 2024 | Online: 4 September 2024
Corresponding author: David Kakpama Sam
Abstract
This study investigates the usage options of Bitumen Emulsion (BE) mixtures composed entirely of Lateritic Clay Soils (LCS) using Calcined Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (CSCBA) as a filler. The LCS was chemically stabilized with 4% CSCBA to meet the plasticity index requirement of a maximum of 7% for BE stabilized materials as set out in the South African Bitumen Association (Sabita) Technical Guideline: Bitumen Stabilized Materials (TG2) and the Kenya Pavement Design Guideline for Low Volume Roads (TG1). The soil was then bound with a medium setting A4-60 anionic bitumen emulsion consisting of 60% base bitumen and 40% water. Varying proportions of BE (11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, and 15%) were mixed with LCS at a constant pre-mix water content of 12.9% to produce Marshall specimens cured for 72 hours at 40oC. The bulk density, dry density, soaked and unsoaked Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS), and Tensile Strength Ratio (TSR) were determined for the cured specimens. The optimum bitumen emulsion content was 13.82%, which gave the highest dry and wet ITS of 183.9 kPa and 132 kPa, respectively, and a TSR of 71%, meeting all specifications when compared to the TG2 and TG1 specifications. The compound also had reduced air voids, which when combined with a higher TSR, demonstrate resistance to moisture damage.
Keywords:
bitumen emulsion stabilized materials, cold-mixes, lateritic clay soil, sugarcane bagasse ash, Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS), tensile strength ratio, Bulk densityDownloads
References
J. R. Cook and C. S. Gourley, "A Framework For The Appropriate Use Of Marginal Materials," in Proceedings of the 22nd PIARC World Road Congress, Durban, South Africa, 2004.
J. Ali and Er. R. Balyan, "Comprehensive Study Of Bitumen Emulsion On Gravel Roads," International Journal For Technological Research In Engineering, vol. 5, no. 11, pp. 4335–4338, Jul. 2018.
J. Frankel and F. Tahmoorian, "Improving Gravel Material Specifications for Unpaved Roads: Australian Case Study," International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology, Sep. 2023.
Y. B. Yamus, A. S. A. Rashid, K. Ahmad, and N. A. Rahman, "A Review on the Fundamental Engineering Properties of Compacted Laterite Soil at Different Gradations," Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 10–19, 2019.
A. A. Amunga, T. K. Jonah, and C. Kabubo, "Stabilization of Lateritic Soil for Unpaved Roads Using Molasses in Butere-mumias District, Kenya," The International Journal of Science & Technoledge, vol. 5, no. 10, pp. 27–32, Oct. 2018.
J. Gana and M.-O. Chinyere, "Stabilization of lateritic soil using asphaltic emulsion and bagasse ash as binder," International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1903–1932, Jan. 2019.
C. R. Kaze et al., "Mechanical and physical properties of inorganic polymer cement made of iron-rich laterite and lateritic clay: A comparative study," Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 140, Feb. 2021, Art. no. 106320.
C. W. W. Ng, D. B. Akinniyi, C. Zhou, and C. F. Chiu, "Comparisons of weathered lateritic, granitic and volcanic soils: Compressibility and shear strength," Engineering Geology, vol. 249, pp. 235–240, Jan. 2019.
G. O. Bogado and F. M. Francisca, "Compressibility and microstructure of compacted lateritic clay at different suction levels," Arabian Journal of Geosciences, vol. 17, no. 3, Feb. 2024, Art. no. 80.
A. M. A. Ezreig, M. A. M. Ismail, and K. I. A. Ehwailat, "A state of review: challenges and techniques of laterite soil stabilisation using chemical, economical, and eco-friendly materials," Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, vol. 7, no. 3, May 2022, Art. no. 229.
L. Z. Wongbae, C. Kabubo, and A. Owayo, "The Effect of Waste Marble Dust and Corncob Ash on the Engineering and Micro-Structural Properties of Expansive Soil for Use in Road Subgrades," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 13765–13772, Apr. 2024.
N. C. Consoli, D. Párraga Morales, and R. B. Saldanha, "A new approach for stabilization of lateritic soil with Portland cement and sand: strength and durability," Acta Geotechnica, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 1473–1486, May 2021.
K. C. Onyelowe et al., "Strength of pozzolan soil blend in chemically improved lateritic soil for pavement base material purpose," International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 410–416, Sep. 2019.
C. Durastanti and L. Moretti, "Environmental Impacts of Cement Production: A Statistical Analysis," Applied Sciences, vol. 10, no. 22, Jan. 2020, Art. no. 8212.
K. J. Osinubi, V. Bafyau, and A. O. Eberemu, "Bagasse Ash Stabilization of Lateritic Soil," in Appropriate Technologies for Environmental Protection in the Developing World, 1st ed., E. K. Yanful, Ed. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009, pp. 271–280.
U. N. Okonkwo and J. C. Agunwamba, "Classical Optimization of Bagasse Ash Content in Cement-Stabilized Lateritic Soils," Nigerian Journal of Technology, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 481–490, Jun. 2016.
G. Ayininuola and S. Abidoye, "Soil Stabilization Using Bitumen Emulsion and Cement Combination as Additive," Journal of Earth Science and Engineering, vol. 8, pp. 66–74, Apr. 2018.
E. M. Twagira, "Influence of durability properties on performance of bitumen stabilised materials," Ph.D. dissertation, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa, 2010.
A. Al Marshoudi, "Water Institutional Arrangements of Falaj Al Khatamain in the Sultanate of Oman," Journal of Earth Science and Engineering, vol. 8, pp. 51–65, May 2018.
K. Chelelgo, Z. C. Abiero Gariy, and S. Muse Shitote, "Laboratory Mix Design of Cold Bitumen Emulsion Mixtures Incorporating Reclaimed Asphalt and Virgin Aggregates," Buildings, vol. 8, no. 12, Dec. 2018, Art. no. 177.
I. N. A. Thanaya, "Improving the performance of cold bituminous emulsion mixtures (CBEMs) : incorporating waste," PhD Thesis, University of Leeds, 2003.
Pavement Design Guideline for LVSR. Ministry of Transport, Infrastructure, Housing and Urban Development, 2017.
F. Batista et al., “Report on available test and mix designprocedures for cold-recycled bitumenstabilised materials,” CEDR Transnational Road Research Programme Call 2012, 2014.
Strategic Plan 2024-2027. PIARC-World Road Association, 2023.
MS-14 Asphalt Cold Mix Manual, 3rd ed. Lexington, Kentucky, USA: Asphalt Institute.
Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete, C 618-97. West Conshohocken, USA: ASTM International, 1998.
M. Otieno, Z. Gariy, and C. Kabubo, "An Evaluation of the Performance of Lateritic Soil Stabilized with Cement and Biochars to be Used in Road Bases of Low-Volume Sealed Roads," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 11366–11374, Aug. 2023.
P. Huang, Q. Xu, B. Huang, J. Li, and N. Wu, "Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash as an Eco-Friendly Alternative Fillers in Ultra-High Performance Concrete," Sep. 12, 2022.
S. Ainomugisha, E. Bisaso, and A. Bazairwe, "Utilization of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash from Power Co-generation Boilers as a Supplementary Cementitious Material," East African Journal of Science, Technology and Innovation, vol. 2, no. 2, Mar. 2021.
Technical Data Sheet No.1 Bitumen Road Emulsion. Road Emulsion Association, 2015.
P. Buczyński and M. Iwański, "Fatigue Life Comparison of Recycled Cold Mixes with Foamed Bitumen and with Bitumen Emulsion," Procedia Engineering, vol. 172, pp. 135–142, Jan. 2017.
C. Ling, A. Hanz, and H. Bahia, "Evaluating Moisture Susceptibility of Cold-Mix Asphalt," Transportation Research Record, vol. 2446, no. 1, pp. 60–69, Jan. 2014.
A. Thanaya, "Evaluating and Improving the Performance of Cold Asphalt Emulsion Mixes," Civil Engineering Dimension, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 64–69, Sep. 2007.
P. Orosa, A. R. Pasandín, and I. Pérez, "Assessment of two laboratory design methods for CIR mixtures with bitumen emulsion based on static and gyratory compaction," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 265, Dec. 2020, Art. no. 120667.
Resistance of Compacted Asphalt Mixtures to Moisture-Induced Damage. Washington, DC, USA: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 2022.
AASHTO T 166 : 0, Method of Test for Bulk Specific Gravity (G[MB]) of Compacted Asphalt Mixtures Using Saturated Surface-Dry Specimens. AASHTO, 2022.
P. Zhang et al., "Leaching metals from saprolitic laterite ore using a ferric chloride solution," Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 112, pp. 3531–3539, Jan. 2016.
F. J. Martin and H. C. Doyne, "Laterite and lateritic soils in Sierra Leone," The Journal of Agricultural Science, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 530–547, Oct. 1927.
F. J. Martin and H. C. Doyne, "Laterite and lateritic soil in Sierra Leone, II," The Journal of Agricultural Science, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 135–143, Jan. 1930.
N. A. Wahab et al., "Strength and Durability of Cement-Treated Lateritic Soil," Sustainability, vol. 13, no. 11, Jan. 2021, Art. no. 6430.
M. Otieno, C. Kabubo, and Z. Gariy, "Mechanical and Structural Correlation of Lateritic Soil Road Base Stabilized with Cement and Selected Biochars," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 11070–11077.
EN 1428:2012, Bitumen and bituminous binders - Determination of water content in bituminous emulsions - Azeotropic distillation method. CEN, 2012.
EN 1430:2009 - Bitumen and bituminous binders - Determination of particle polarity of bitumen emulsions. CEN, 2009.
EN 1429:2013 - Bitumen and bituminous binders - Determination of residue on sieving of bituminous emulsions, and determination of storage stability by sieving. CEN, 2013.
O. Oke, "A study on the development of guidelines for the production of bitumen emulsion stabilised RAPs for roads in the tropics," Ph.D. dissertation, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK, 2011.
C. Ojum, "The design and optimisation of cold asphalt emulsion mixtures," Ph.D. dissertation, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK, 2015.
S. S. Dash, A. K. Chandrappa, and U. C. Sahoo, "Design and performance of cold mix asphalt – A review," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 315, Jan. 2022, Art. no. 125687.
Downloads
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2024 David Kakpama Sam, Timothy Nyomboi, Christopher Kanali, Mungathia Tulathia
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) after its publication in ETASR with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
