A Solution for Energy-Efficient Operation of Urban Electric Trains: Integrating Rooftop PV with the Active Rectifier in the Traction Substation
Received: 6 December 2023 | Revised: 3 March 2024 | Accepted: 11 March 2024 | Online: 1 June 2024
Corresponding author: An Thi Hoai Thu Anh
Abstract
The utilization of renewable sources connected to a grid to reduce traction substation installation costs and electrified trains' operation energy is a highly promising solution in the electric transportation field. This study proposes a DC traction power supply system integrated with a solar energy system using a DC-DC boost converter and an active rectifier replacing a diode located at the traction substation. The active rectifier not only recovers regenerative braking energy when electric trains operate in braking mode but also transfers solar energy from the DC bus to the grid. With the characteristics of urban railway lines utilizing high-power traction motors and high-voltage DC bus, this paper presents the structure of the Modular Multilevel DC-DC boost converter in the solar energy system employing the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm, whereas the modular multilevel active rectifier utilizes the Voltage Oriented Control (VOC) algorithm with three loop circuits: phase-lock loop, current loop, and voltage loop. Simulation results in Matlab/Simulink with parameters collected from the Nhon-Hanoi station urban railway line in Vietnam demonstrate that the PV system produces almost 37% of the energy in the accelerating phase of electric trains.
Keywords:
MPPT algorithm, PV system, modular multilevel DC-DC boost converter, active rectifier, voltage oriented controlDownloads
References
M. Popescu and A. Bitoleanu, "A Review of the Energy Efficiency Improvement in DC Railway Systems," Energies, vol. 12, no. 6, Jan. 2019, Art. no. 1092.
F. Ciccarelli, D. Iannuzzi, K. Kondo, and L. Fratelli, "Line-Voltage Control Based on Wayside Energy Storage Systems for Tramway Networks," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 884–899, Mar. 2015.
F. Ciccarelli, D. Iannuzzi, and P. Tricoli, "Control of metro-trains equipped with onboard supercapacitors for energy saving and reduction of power peak demand," Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, vol. 24, pp. 36–49, Oct. 2012.
M. Ceraolo, G. Lutzemberger, E. Meli, L. Pugi, A. Rindi, and G. Pancari, "Energy storage systems to exploit regenerative braking in DC railway systems: Different approaches to improve efficiency of modern high-speed trains," Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 16, pp. 269–279, Apr. 2018.
D. Cornic, "Efficient recovery of braking energy through a reversible dc substation," in Railway and Ship Propulsion Electrical Systems for Aircraft, Bologna, Italy, Oct. 2010.
Y. Zhou, Y. Bai, J. Li, B. Mao, and T. Li, "Integrated Optimization on Train Control and Timetable to Minimize Net Energy Consumption of Metro Lines," Journal of Advanced Transportation, vol. 2018, Apr. 2018, Art. no. e7905820.
G. M. Scheepmaker, R. M. P. Goverde, and L. G. Kroon, "Review of energy-efficient train control and timetabling," European Journal of Operational Research, vol. 257, no. 2, pp. 355–376, Mar. 2017.
T. K. Khoi and N. D. Khuong, "Optimal planning of substations on urban railway power supply systems using integer linear programming," Transport and Communications Science Journal, vol. 70, no. 4, pp. 264–278, Oct. 2019.
D. D. Tuan and N. D. Toan, "Developing a program to calculate the unitresultant force of trains on Vietnam railways," Transport and Communications Science Journal, vol. 71, no. 8, pp. 907–923, 2020.
N. V. Tiem, "Speed control for the train of urban railway using fuzzy-d controller," Transport and Communications Science Journal, vol. 71, no. 6, pp. 640–650, 2020.
M. Shravanth Vasisht, G. A. Vashista, J. Srinivasan, and S. K. Ramasesha, "Rail coaches with rooftop solar photovoltaic systems: A feasibility study," Energy, vol. 118, pp. 684–691, Jan. 2017.
M. Wei, W. Wei, H. Ruonan, and W. Ziyi, "Auxiliary power supply system of passenger train based on photovoltaic and energy storage," in 2016 IEEE 11th Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA), Hefei, China, Jun. 2016, pp. 784–788.
L. Piegari, R. Rizzo, I. Spina, and P. Tricoli, "Optimized Adaptive Perturb and Observe Maximum Power Point Tracking Control for Photovoltaic Generation," Energies, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 3418–3436, May 2015.
Y. Kassem, H. Gokcekus, and A. Aljatlawe, "Utilization of Solar Energy for Electric Vehicle Charging and the Energy Consumption of Residential Buildings in Northern Cyprus: A Case Study," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 11598–11607, Oct. 2023.
Y. Kassem, H. Gökçekuş, and H. S. A. Lagili, "A Techno-Economic Viability Analysis of the Two-Axis Tracking Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Power System for 25 Selected Coastal Mediterranean Cities," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 7508–7514, Aug. 2021.
P. S. Gotekar, S. P. Muley, and D. P. Kothari, "A Single Phase Grid Connected PV System working in Different Modes," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 6374–6379, Oct. 2020.
H. Hayashiya et al., "Potentials, peculiarities and prospects of solar power generation on the railway premises," in 2012 International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA), Nagasaki, Japan, Nov. 2012.
S. H. I. Jaffery et al., "The potential of solar powered transportation and the case for solar powered railway in Pakistan," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 39, pp. 270–276, Nov. 2014.
X. J. Shen, Y. Zhang, and Sh. Chen, "Investigation of grid-connected photovoltaic generation system applied for Urban Rail Transit energy-savings," in 2012 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, Las Vegas, NV, USA, Jul. 2012.
B. Kilic and E. Dursun, "Integration of innovative photovoltaic technology to the railway trains: A case study for Istanbul airport-M1 light metro line," in IEEE EUROCON 2017 -17th International Conference on Smart Technologies, Ohrid, North Macedonia, Jul. 2017, pp. 336–340.
F. Ciccarelli, L. P. Di Noia, and R. Rizzo, "Integration of Photovoltaic Plants and Supercapacitors in Tramway Power Systems," Energies, vol. 11, no. 2, Feb. 2018, Art. no. 410.
D. Feng, H. Zhu, F. Wang, X. Sun, S. Lin, and Z. He, "Evaluation of Voltage Quality and Energy Saving Benefits of Urban Rail Transit Power Supply Systems Considering the Access of Photovoltaics," CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 2309–2320, Nov. 2023.
R. D. N. Aditama, N. Ramadhani, T. Ardriani, J. Furqani, A. Rizqiawan, and P. A. Dahono, "New Modular Multilevel DC–DC Converter Derived from Modified Buck–Boost DC–DC Converter," Energies, vol. 16, no. 19, Jan. 2023, Art. no. 6950.
J. Kim and I. Kwon, "Design of a High-Efficiency DC-DC Boost Converter for RF Energy Harvesting IoT Sensors," Sensors, vol. 22, no. 24, Jan. 2022, Art. no. 10007.
I. Askarian, M. Pahlevani, and A. M. Knight, "Three-Port Bidirectional DC/DC Converter for DC Nanogrids," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 36, no. 7, pp. 8000–8011, Dec. 2020.
S. M. Fardahar and M. Sabahi, "New Expandable Switched-Capacitor/Switched-Inductor High-Voltage Conversion Ratio Bidirectional DC–DC Converter," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 2480–2487, Aug. 2019.
J. Pan, Y. Du, and Z. Ke, "DC-Bus Voltage Sensorless Control of an Active Rectifier with Modular Multilevel Converter," Energies, vol. 16, no. 18, Jan. 2023, Art. no. 6569.
S. Ji, X. Huang, J. Palmer, F. Wang, and L. M. Tolbert, "Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) Modeling Considering Submodule Voltage Sensor Noise," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 1215–1219, Jul. 2020.
K. Tian, B. Wu, S. Du, D. Xu, Z. Cheng, and N. R. Zargari, "A Simple and Cost-effective Precharge Method for Modular Multilevel Converters by Using a Low-Voltage DC Source," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 31, no. 7, pp. 5321–5329, Sep. 2015.
D. Ronanki and S. S. Williamson, "Modular Multilevel Converters for Transportation Electrification: Challenges and Opportunities," IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 399–407, Jan. 2018.
I. Krastev, P. Tricoli, S. Hillmansen, and M. Chen, "Future of Electric Railways: Advanced Electrification Systems with Static Converters for ac Railways," IEEE Electrification Magazine, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 6–14, Sep. 2016.
Downloads
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2024 An Thi Hoai Thu Anh, Tran Hung Cuong
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) after its publication in ETASR with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.