Optimal Valley-Filling Algorithm for Electric Two-wheeler Charging Stations
Received: 29 October 2023 | Revised: 9 November 2023 | Accepted: 11 November 2023 | Online: 8 February 2024
Corresponding author: Duc Nguyen Huu
Abstract
In Vietnam, comprehensive measures are required to accommodate and encourage the potential development of electric two-wheelers in urban traffic and the rooftop solar power potential. In the case of PV-integrated electric two-wheeler charging stations, numerous vehicles charging simultaneously may trigger very high peak loads which adversely impacts other loads and the distribution grid. In this study, an optimal valley-filling algorithm for electric two-wheeler charging stations is proposed. The proposed algorithm can update the variation of available vehicles as well as the dynamic changes in the energy level of individual E2Ws at each time slot. The simulation results proved that the proposed method can effectively perform valley filling, significantly improving the total load profile compared to uncontrolled charging and average charging schemes.
Keywords:
electric two-wheelers, charging station, valley-filling, solar power, charging algorithmsDownloads
References
G. R. Chandra Mouli, P. Bauer, and M. Zeman, "System design for a solar powered electric vehicle charging station for workplaces," Applied Energy, vol. 168, pp. 434–443, Apr. 2016.
D. N. Huu and V. N. Ngoc, "Analysis Study of Current Transportation Status in Vietnam’s Urban Traffic and the Transition to Electric Two-Wheelers Mobility," Sustainability, vol. 13, no. 10, Jan. 2021, Art. no. 5577.
D. N. Huu and V. N. Ngoc, "A Research on the Trend of Transport Electrification in Vietnam and the Feasibility of PV-Integrated Charging Station for Electric Two-wheelers at Electric Power University," in 2021 11th International Conference on Power, Energy and Electrical Engineering (CPEEE), Shiga, Japan, Oct. 2021, pp. 255–260.
V. K. B. Ponnam and K. Swarnasri, "Multi-Objective Optimal Allocation of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations and Distributed Generators in Radial Distribution Systems using Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 5837–5844, Jun. 2020.
L. Gan, U. Topcu, and S. H. Low, "Optimal decentralized protocol for electric vehicle charging," IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 940–951, Feb. 2013.
M. C. Kisacikoglu, F. Erden, and N. Erdogan, "Distributed Control of PEV Charging Based on Energy Demand Forecast," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 332–341, Jan. 2018.
Z. Yi et al., "A highly efficient control framework for centralized residential charging coordination of large electric vehicle populations," International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 117, May 2020, Art. no. 105661.
N. N. Van, D. K. Nhan, and N. H. Duc, "Research on the Architectures and Control Algorithms for Electric Vehicle Charging Stations and Electric Two-Wheeler Charging Stations in the Context of Vietnam," Khoa Học & Công Nghệ, vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 55–66, Aug 22.
D. N. Huu and V. N. Ngoc, "A Three-Stage of Charging Power Allocation for Electric Two-Wheeler Charging Stations," IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 61080–61093, 2022.
D. N. Huu and V. N. Ngoc, "A Two-Level Desired Load Profile Tracking Algorithm for Electric Two-Wheeler Charging Stations," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 7814–7823, Dec. 2021.
A. H. Einaddin and A. S. Yazdankhah, "A novel approach for multi-objective optimal scheduling of large-scale EV fleets in a smart distribution grid considering realistic and stochastic modeling framework," International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 117, May 2020, Art. no. 105617.
Y. Muratoglu and A. Alkaya, "Unscented Kalman Filter based State of Charge Estimation for the Equalization of Lithium-ion Batteries on Electrical Vehicles," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 4876–4882, Dec. 2019.
Z. Xu, Z. Hu, Y. Song, W. Zhao, and Y. Zhang, "Coordination of PEVs charging across multiple aggregators," Applied Energy, vol. 136, pp. 582–589, Dec. 2014.
P. Fieltsch, H. Flämig, and K. Rosenberger, "Analysis of charging behavior when using battery electric vehicles in commercial transport," Transportation Research Procedia, vol. 46, pp. 181–188, Jan. 2020.
T. Eccarius and C.-C. Lu, "Powered two-wheelers for sustainable mobility: A review of consumer adoption of electric motorcycles," International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 215–231, Jan. 2020.
F. Angizeh, A. Ghofrani, and M. A. Jafari, "Dataset on Hourly Load Profiles for a Set of 24 Facilities from Industrial, Commercial, and Residential End-use Sectors." Mendeley Data, Aug. 21, 2020.
Downloads
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Van Nguyen Ngoc, Duc Nguyen Huu
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) after its publication in ETASR with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
