An Evaluation of the Performance of Lateritic Soil Stabilized with Cement and Biochars to be Used in Road Bases of Low-Volume Sealed Roads
Received: 13 May 2023 | Revised: 2 June 2023 | Accepted: 17 June 2023 | Online: 8 July 2023
Corresponding author: Meshack Otieno
Abstract
The study investigated the effects of adding Saw Dust Ash (SDA) and Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) on the strength of cement with stabilized lateritic soil. The experiments carried out in both the lateritic soil and stabilized lateritic soil considered Atterberg limits, sieve/hydrometer analysis, compaction, soaked California Bearing Ratio (CBR), and Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) at various curing periods. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) was introduced into the soil with varying content (0%, 3%, 5%, 7%, and 9%) by weight of the soil sample. The results showed that CBR and UCS increased to 175.7% and 1.999 MPa, respectively, as the OPC content increased to 7%. The optimal OPC content to meet the 1.5MPa UCS requirement for road bases on low-volume sealed roads in Kenya was 7%. The next treatment involved partially replacing the OPC content with SDA and SCBA in different doses (7-0-0%, 5-1-1%, 3-2-2%, 1-3-3%, and 0-3.5-3.5%, respectively) for various curing periods. The results showed that CBR and UCS decreased as the OPC content decreased and SCBA and SDA increased. At a content of 5% OPC, 1% SDA, and 1% SCBA, UCS and CBR were 1.877 MPa and 149%, respectively, suggesting that it was the optimal dosage to meet the 1.5MPa UCS requirement for road bases on low-volume sealed roads in Kenya. The durability test indicated that the specimens treated with 5% OPC, 1% SDA, and 1% SCBA met the 80% durability index mark, as recommended for cement-stabilized soils. Previous studies used SDA and SCBA separately with cement or lime to stabilize the subgrade or subbase of roads, but this study focused on using these materials together as a partial OPC replacement to stabilize lateritic road bases for use in low-volume sealed roads. The goal was to use local agricultural and industrial waste materials in road construction and improve the strength characteristics of road bases while preserving the environment through waste utilization.
Keywords:
low volume sealed roads, saw dust ash, sugarcane bagasse ashDownloads
References
Y. Sadek, T. Rikioui, T. Abdoun, and A. Dadi, "Influence of Compaction Energy on Cement Stabilized Soil for Road Construction," Civil Engineering Journal, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 580–594, Mar. 2022.
M. O. O. Gariy Charles Kabubo, Zachary Abiero, "A Comparative Investigation on Cement Stabilized Lateritic Soil Admixed with Sugarcane Bagasse Ash and Saw Dust Ash for use in Road Base," International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology, vol. 71, no. 5, 2023.
N. A. Wahab et al., "Strength and Durability of Cement-Treated Lateritic Soil," Sustainability, vol. 13, no. 11, Jan. 2021, Art. no. 6430.
H. Sellaf and B. Balegh, "An Experimental Study on the Effect of Plastic Waste Powder on the Strength Parameters of Tuff and Bentonite Soils Treated with Cement," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 10322–10327, Apr. 2023.
A. S. A. Rashid, N. Latifi, C. L. Meehan, and K. N. Manahiloh, "Sustainable Improvement of Tropical Residual Soil Using an Environmentally Friendly Additive," Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 2613–2623, Dec. 2017.
A. S. A. Rashid, R. Kalatehjari, N. M. Noor, H. Yaacob, H. Moayedi, and L. K. Sing, "Relationship between liquidity index and stabilized strength of local subgrade materials in a tropical area," Measurement, vol. 55, pp. 231–237, Sep. 2014.
K. Y. D.-G. Aholoukpè, C. Kanali, A. Gariy, H. Danso, "Mechanical Performance of Laterite Soil Stabilized with Cement and Grewia Bicolour Bark Juice for Road Base Construction," International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology - IJETT, vol. 71, no. 2, 2023.
"Road Design Manual Part III, Materials and Pavement Design for New Roads," Kenya Ministry of Transport, Infrastructure, Housing and Urban Development, Nairobi, Kenya, 1987.
S. S. S. V. Gopala Raju, K. Durga Rani, V. Chowdary, and K. V. G. D. Balaji, "Utilization of building waste in road construction," 894 Indian Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 3, no. 8, pp. 894–896, Aug. 2010.
S. Jaritngam, O. Somchainuek, and P. Taneerananon, "An investigation of lateritic Soil Cement for Sustainable Pavements," Indian Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 5, no. 11, pp. 3603–3606, Nov. 2012.
S. A. Chandio, B. A. Memon, M. Oad, F. A. Chandio, and M. U. Memon, "Effect of Fly Ash on the Compressive Strength of Green Concrete," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 5728–5731, Jun. 2020.
F. A. Olutoge, H. A. Quadri, and O. S. Olafusi, "Investigation of the Strength Properties of Palm Kernel Shell Ash Concrete," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 315–319, Dec. 2012.
C. Oliko, C. K. Kabubo, and J. N. Mwero, "Rice Straw and Eggshell Ash as Partial Replacements of Cement in Concrete," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 6481–6487, Dec. 2020.
"Annual Public Roads Program 2021-2022," Kenya Roads Board, Nairobi, Kenya, 2022.
T. H. T. Ogunribido, "Geotechnical Properties of Saw Dust Ash Stabilized Southwestern Nigeria Lateritic Soils," Environmental Research, Engineering and Management, vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 29–33, Jun. 2012.
Z. Z. Shawl, V. Praksh, and V. Kumar, "Use of Lime and Saw Dust Ash in Soil," International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 1682–1689, 2017.
H. Karim, M. Al-Recaby, and M. Nsaif, "Stabilization of soft clayey soils with sawdust ashes," in The 3rd International Conference on Buildings, Construction and Environmental Engineering, 2018, vol. 162, Art. no. 01006.
J. A. Sadeeq, J. Ochepo, A. B. Salahudeen, and S. T. Tijjani, "Effect of Bagasse Ash on Lime Stabilized Lateritic Soil," Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 9, no. 25, pp. 203–213, 2015.
"Enhancing the Engineering Properties of Expansive Soil Using Bagasse Ash and Hydrated Lime," International Journal of Geomate, vol. 11, no. 25, pp. 2447–2454, Jan. 2022.
M. R. Mbakbaye, E. K. Ronoh, and I. F. Sanewu, "Effects of Shea Nutshell Ash on Physical Properties of Lateritic Soil," International Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. Volume 8, Nov. 2021.
K. J. Osinubi, V. Bafyau, and A. O. Eberemu, "Bagasse Ash Stabilization of Lateritic Soil," in Appropriate Technologies for Environmental Protection in the Developing World: Selected Papers from ERTEP 2007, July 17–19 2007, Ghana, Africa, E. K. Yanful, Ed. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer Netherlands, 2009, pp. 271–280.
M. Joel and I. D. Mbapuun, "Comparative analysis of the properties of concrete produced with Portland Limestone Cement (PLC) grade 32.5n and 42.5r for use in rigid pavement work," Global Journal of Engineering Research, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 17–25, 2016.
M. Otieno, C. Kabubo, & Z. Gariy, "Mechanical and Structural Correlation of Lateritic Soil Road Base Stabilized with Cement and Selected Biochar", Engineering Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 11070-11077, Aug. 2023.
"BS 1377-2:2022 Methods of test for soils for civil engineering purposes," The Britich Standards Institution, London, UK, BS 1377-2.
N. C. Consoli, H. C. S. Filho, L. Segadães, and N. Cristelo, "Effect of wet-dry cycles on the durability, strength and stiffness of granite residual soil stabilised with Portland cement," in Proceedings of the XVII European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 2019, pp. 3363–3369.
B. Dabou, C. Kanali, and Z. Abiero-Gariy, "Structural Performance of Laterite soil Stabilised with Cement and Blue Gum (Eucalyptus Globulus) Wood Ash for Use as a Road base Material," arXiv e-prints. Sep. 01, 2021.
S. Pongsivasathit, S. Horpibulsuk, and S. Piyaphipat, "Assessment of mechanical properties of cement stabilized soils," Case Studies in Construction Materials, vol. 11, Dec. 2019, Art. no. e00301.
A. S. A. Rashid, Z. Zainudin, N. Noor, and H. Yaacob, "Effect of Stabilized Laterite on California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS)," Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 18, 2013.
M. S. Sulaiman, H. M. Mohamad, and A. A. Suhaimi, "A Study on Linear Shrinkage Behavior of Peat Soil Stabilized with Eco-Processed Pozzolan (EPP)," Civil Engineering Journal, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 1157–1166, Jun. 202208-06-05.
O. E. Oluwatuyi et al., "Ameliorating effect of milled eggshell on cement stabilized lateritic soil for highway construction," Case Studies in Construction Materials, vol. 9, Dec. 2018, Art. no. e00191.
J. E. Edeh, I. O. Agbede, and A. Tyoyila, "Evaluation of Sawdust Ash–Stabilized Lateritic Soil as Highway Pavement Material," Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 367–373, Feb. 2014.
H. F. Winterkorn and E. C. Chandrasekharan, "Laterite Soils and their Stabilization," Highway Research Board Bulletin, no. 44, 1951.
"Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete," American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, USA, Standard ASTM C618-05, 2005.
N. Latifi, A. Eisazadeh, A. Marto, and C. L. Meehan, "Tropical residual soil stabilization: A powder form material for increasing soil strength," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 147, pp. 827–836, Aug. 2017.
E. Mengue, H. Mroueh, L. Lancelot, and R. M. Eko, "Mechanical Improvement of a Fine-Grained Lateritic Soil Treated with Cement for Use in Road Construction," Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, vol. 29, no. 11, Nov. 2017, Art. no. 04017206.
"Geotechnical Properties, Civil Engineering Structures, Soil Particle, Shear Strength, Bearing Capacity of Soil," Resources and Environment, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 103–109, 2017.
M. A. Azeem, S. Singh, S. S. Divya, and S. A. Mir, "Effect of Bagasse ash and Lime on the Compaction and Strength Properties of Black Cotton Soil," International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, vol. 9, no. 5, May 2020.
B. A. Mir and A. Sridharan, "Physical and Compaction Behaviour of Clay Soil–Fly Ash Mixtures," Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 1059–1072, Aug. 2013.
G. M. Harun-Or-Rashid, M. F. Rahman, and A. B. Siddique, "A Comparative Study on Fly Ash and Bagasse Ash Using as a Sub-Grade Material," American Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 82-87, Aug. 2019.
A. Chakraborty, A. Borah, and D. Sharmah, "Stabilization of Expansive Soil using Sugarcane Straw Ash (SCSA)," ADBU Journal of Engineering Technology, vol. 4, pp. 175–178, Mar. 2016.
O. O. Popoola, J. S. Adekanmi, and O. Olawale, "Stabilization of Laterite Soil with Coconut Waste Ashes as a Partial Replacement for Lime," American Journal of Engineering Research, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 208–217, 2019.
J. A. Sadeeq, J. Ochepo, A. B. Salahudeen, and S. T. Tijjani, "Effect of Bagasse Ash on Lime Stabilized Lateritic Soil," Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 9, no. 25, pp. 203–213, 2015.
V. B. Adebayo, T. D. Adebayo, and O. O. Popoola, "Effects Of Guinea Corn Husk Ash And Lime Mixtures On Lateritic Soil For Highway Construction," Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST), vol. 4, no. 10, pp. 1–7, Oct. 2017.
T. H. T. Ogunribido, "Potentials of sugar cane straw ash for lateritic soil stabilization in road construction," International Journal of Science Emerging Technology, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 102–106, 2011.
Y. T. Todingrara, M. W. Tjaronge, T. Harianto, and M. Ramli, "Performance of Laterite Soil Stabilized with Lime and Cement as a Road Foundation," International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, vol. 12, no. 14, pp. 4699–4707, 2017.
S. Jaritngam, O. Somchainuek, and P. Taneerananon, "Feasibility of Laterite-Cement Mixture as Pavement Base Course Aggregate," IJST, Transactions of Civil Engineering, vol. 38, no. C1, pp. 275–284, 2014.
W. W. Bandara and W. K. Mampearachchi, "The cement stabilized soil as a road base material for Sri Lankan roads," in Proceedings of the Transportation Research Forum 2011, 2011.
"Pavement Design Guideline for Low Volume Sealed Roads," Kenya Ministry of Transport, Infrastructure, Housing and Urban Development, Nairobi, Kenya, Mar. 2017.
S. Caro, J. P. Agudelo, B. Caicedo, L. F. Orozco, F. Patiño, and N. Rodado, "Advanced characterisation of cement-stabilised lateritic soils to be used as road materials," International Journal of Pavement Engineering, vol. 20, no. 12, pp. 1425–1434, Dec. 2019.
A. S. A. Rashid, Z. Zainudin, N. Noor, and H. Yaacob, "Effect of Stabilized Laterite on California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS)," Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 18, 2013.
W. A. Butt, K. Gupta, and J. N. Jha, "Strength behavior of clayey soil stabilized with saw dust ash," International Journal of Geo-Engineering, vol. 7, no. 1, Oct. 2016, Art. no. 18.
A. B. Alabi, A. O. Olutaiwo, and A. O. Adeboje, "Evaluation of rice husk ash stabilized lateritic soil as sub-base in road construction.," British Journal of Applied Science & Technology, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 374–382, 2015.
A. Ahmed and K. Ugai, "Environmental effects on durability of soil stabilized with recycled gypsum," Cold Regions Science and Technology, vol. 66, no. 2, pp. 84–92, May 2011.
A. Bhurtel and A. Eisazadeh, "Strength and Durability of Bottom Ash and Lime Stabilized Bangkok Clay," KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 404–411, Feb. 2020.
Downloads
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Meshack Otieno, Zachary Gariy, Charles Kabubo
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) after its publication in ETASR with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
