A Study of K- Factor Power Transformer Characteristics by Modeling Simulation
Abstract
Harmonic currents generated by nonlinear loads can cause overheating and premature failure in power transformers. K-factor transformers are specially designed to accommodate harmonic currents and offer protection against overheating caused by harmonics. They minimize harmonic current loss and have an additional thermal capacity of known limits. According to IEEE C57-110, the winding eddy current losses are considered proportional to the harmonic current squared times its harmonic number. K-factor is only an indicative value and the authors' main objective in this paper is to study the effect of harmonics on oil filled transformer and to simulate harmonic behavior using Matlab Simulink. A case study is simulated in order to investigate K-factor values with pumping loads, with and without the use of harmonic filters. Results are compared with measured values.
Keywords:
K-factor transformers, harmonics filter, total harmonic distortionDownloads
References
I. Daut, H. S. Syafruddin, H. Haziah “The effects of harmonic components on transformer losses of sinusoidal source supplying non-linear loads”, American Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol. 3, No. 12, pp. 2131-2133, 2006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3844/ajassp.2006.2131.2133
R. N. Jayasinghe, “Power system harmonic effects on distribution transformers and new design considerations for K-factor transformers” IEE Sri Lanka Annual Sessions, 2003
I. A. Maswood, “Harmonics, sources, effects and mitigation techniques” Second Intl. Conf. on Electrical and Computer Engineering, ICECE, Dhaka, Bangladeh, 2002
T. M Salih, “The effect of the harmonic components upon transformer active losses in case of (non) sinusoidal sources and (non) linear loads”, IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology, Vol. 2, 2000
G. W. Massey, “Estimation methods for power system harmonic effects on power distribution transformers”, IEEE Trans. Industry Appl., Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 485–489, 1994 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/28.287505
Computer Business Equipment Manufacturers Association (CBEMA) “Three-phase power source overloading caused by small computers and electronic office equipment”, ESC-3 Information Letter, 1987
T. M Gruzs, "A Survey of neutral currents in three-phase computer power systems", IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 719–725, 1990 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/28.55999
ANSI/IEEE C57.110 “Recommended practice for establishing transformer capability when supplying non-sinusoidal load currents”, 1998
IEEE standard, 519 “Recommended practices and requirements for harmonic control in electrical power systems”, 1992
Underwriters Laboratories, UL1561 “Proposed requirements and proposed effective dates for the first edition of the standard for dry-type general purpose and power transformers”, Santa Clara CA, 1991
D. Yildirim, E. F. Fuchs, “Measured transformer de-rating & comparison with harmonic loss factor (FHL) approach”, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 186–191, 2000 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/61.847249
S. N. Makarov, A. E. Emanuel, “Corrected harmonic loss factor for transformers supplying non-sinusoidal load currents”, 9th International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power, Vol. 1, pp. 87-90, 2000
T. Shun, X. Xiangning, “Comparing transformer de-rating computed using the harmonic loss factor FHL and K-factor”, 3rd International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation and Restructuring and Power Technologies, pp. 1631 – 1634, Nanjing China, 2008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/DRPT.2008.4523666
http://www.federalpacific.com/university/kfactor/kfactor.html
Copper Development Association, “Harmonics, transformers and K-factors”, CDA Publication 144, 2000.
http://www.powertransformer.us/federalpacifickfactor transformers.htm
N. M. Abdelsalam, M. M. Abdelaziz, “Toshka project electrical power demand”, 12th International Water Technology Conference, IWTC12 pp. 503-517, Alexandria, Egypt, 2008.
Consulting Services for the South of Egypt Development Project, "Water management plan", Technical Assistance for Toshka Project, Vol. 3, 2004.
Downloads
How to Cite
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) after its publication in ETASR with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
