Influence of the Incorporation of Alluvial Sand on the Mechanical Behavior of Marl Soil
Received: 25 January 2023 | Revised: 5 February 2023 | Accepted: 6 February 2023 | Online: 8 March 2023
Corresponding author: َAbdelhalim Bensaada
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the mechanical behavior of marl soil by replacing it with alluvial sand at 3, 5, and 10% by weight for a possible application in road geotechnics. After a geotechnical characterization of the materials used, the mixtures were characterized by the Atterberg limits test, the soil compressibility test, and the shear strength test. The results obtained showed that replacing a part of marl soil with alluvial sand had a positive impact on its mechanical behavior, as it improved cohesion and shear strength while significantly reducing compressibility and plasticity. These results confirm the possibility of using alluvial sand as a fine soil reinforcement or stabilization material.
Keywords:
marl soil, alluvial sand, mechanical behavior, improvementDownloads
References
X. Zhang, D. Göhlich, and J. Li, "Energy-Efficient Toque Allocation Design of Traction and Regenerative Braking for Distributed Drive Electric Vehicles," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 285–295, Jan. 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2017.2731525
N. Mutoh, "Driving and Braking Torque Distribution Methods for Front- and Rear-Wheel-Independent Drive-Type Electric Vehicles on Roads With Low Friction Coefficient," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 59, no. 10, pp. 3919–3933, Jul. 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2012.2186772
X. Yuan and J. Wang, "Torque Distribution Strategy for a Front- and Rear-Wheel-Driven Electric Vehicle," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 61, no. 8, pp. 3365–3374, Jul. 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2012.2213282
R. Wrobel, J. Goss, A. Mlot, and P. H. Mellor, "Design Considerations of a Brushless Open-Slot Radial-Flux PM Hub Motor," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 1757–1767, Feb. 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2013.2284298
W. Xu, J. Zhu, Y. Guo, S. Wang, Y. Wang, and Z. Shi, "Survey on electrical machines in electrical vehicles," in 2009 International Conference on Applied Superconductivity and Electromagnetic Devices, Chengdu, China, Sep. 2009, pp. 167–170. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ASEMD.2009.5306667
M. A. Khlifi, M. B. Slimene, A. Alradedi, and S. A. Ahmadi, "Investigation of a Leakage Reactance Brushless DC Motor for DC Air Conditioning Compressor," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 8316–8320, Apr. 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.4762
M. Yildirim, M. Polat, and H. Kürüm, "A survey on comparison of electric motor types and drives used for electric vehicles," in 2014 16th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference and Exposition, Antalya, Turkey, Sep. 2014, pp. 218–223. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/EPEPEMC.2014.6980715
T. A. Zarma, A. A. Galadima, and M. A. Aminu, "Review of Motors for Electric Vehicles," Journal of Scientific Research and Reports, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 1–6, Oct. 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2019/v24i630170
X. del T. Garcia, B. Zigmund, A. A. Terlizzi, R. Pavlanin, and L. Salvatore, "Comparison between FOC and DTC Strategies for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors," Advances in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 76–81, Jun. 2011.
P. Bhatt, H. Mehar, and M. Sahajwani, "Electrical Motors for Electric Vehicle – A Comparative Study," in Proceedings of Recent Advances in Interdisciplinary Trends in Engineering & Applications (RAITEA) 2019, Apr. 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3364887
M. Aydin and M. Gulec, "A New Coreless Axial Flux Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor With Sinusoidal Rotor Segments," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 52, no. 7, pp. 1–4, Jul. 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2016.2522950
W. Yu and C. Gu, "Dynamic analysis of a novel clutch system for in-wheel motor drive electric vehicles," IET Electric Power Applications, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 90–98, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-epa.2016.0270
A. Darba, M. Esmalifalak, and E. S. Barazandeh, "Implementing SVPWM technique to axial flux permanent magnet synchronous motor drive with internal model current controller," in 2010 4th International Power Engineering and Optimization Conference (PEOCO), Shah Alam, Malaysia, Jun. 2010, pp. 126–131. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/PEOCO.2010.5559197
R. Krishnan, Electric Motor Drives: Modeling, Analysis, and Control, 1st edition. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Pearson, 2001.
P. T. Giang, V. T. Ha, and V. H. Phuong, "Drive Control of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Fed by a Multi-level Inverter for Electric Vehicle Application," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 8658–8666, Jun. 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.4935
V. T. Ha, P. T. Giang, and V. H. Phuong, "T-Type Multi-Inverter Application for Traction Motor Control," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 8321–8327, Apr. 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.4776
V. Q. Vinh and V. T. Ha, "Improved Torque Ripple of Switched Reluctance Motors using Sliding Mode Control for Electric Vehicles," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 10140–10144, Feb. 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.5559
T. D. Nguyen, K.-J. Tseng, S. Zhang, and H. T. Nguyen, "A Novel Axial Flux Permanent-Magnet Machine for Flywheel Energy Storage System: Design and Analysis," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 58, no. 9, pp. 3784–3794, Sep. 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2010.2089939
T. D. Nguyen, G. F. H. Beng, K.-J. Tseng, D. M. Vilathgamuwa, and X. Zhang, "Modeling and Position-Sensorless Control of a Dual-Airgap Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Machine for Flywheel Energy Storage Systems," Journal of Power Electronics, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 758–768, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.6113/JPE.2012.12.5.758
Q. D. Nguyen and S. Ueno, "Analysis and Control of Nonsalient Permanent Magnet Axial Gap Self-Bearing Motor," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 58, no. 7, pp. 2644–2652, Jul. 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2010.2076309
Downloads
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2023 َAbdelhalim Bensaada; Belgacem Choungache, Rbih Zaitri
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) after its publication in ETASR with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.