The Effect of Pilot Reuse Factor on Massive MIMO Spectral Efficiency
Received: 23 December2023 | Revised: 18 March 2023 and 1 April 2023 | Accepted: 4 April 2023 | Online: 2 June 2023
Corresponding author: Saleh M. Albadarn
Abstract
Due to their much increased spatial resolution and array gain, large-scale antenna arrays have the potential to significantly enhance the spectral efficiency of wireless systems. Recent research in the area of massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) antennas shows that user channels are enhanced as the number of antennas at the Base Stations (BSs) rises, allowing achieving high signal improvement with minimum inter-user interference. The combined effects of the pilot reuse factor and the BS number of antennas on average overall spectral efficiency in huge MIMO antennas will be investigated. To examine the SE of these receivers, several channel estimators will be utilized, including LMMSE, ZF, and MR methods. Theoretically, BS could offer a substantially higher average total SE if it had more antennas.
Keywords:
massive MIMO, L-MMSE, spectral effecincy, base station, pilot reuse factor, zero forcing, machine to machine, channel state informationDownloads
References
"IMT traffic estimates for the years 2020 to 2030," ITU, Report ITU-R M.2370-0, Jul. 2015.
J. G. Andrews et al., "What Will 5G Be?," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 1065–1082, Jun. 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/JSAC.2014.2328098
B. Pranitha and L. Anjaneyulu, "Performance Evaluation of a MIMO based Underwater Communication System under Fading Conditions," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 4886–4892, Dec. 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.3132
T. L. Marzetta, "Noncooperative Cellular Wireless with Unlimited Numbers of Base Station Antennas," IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 9, no. 11, pp. 3590–3600, Nov. 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2010.092810.091092
A. Elsanousi and S. Oztürk, "Performance Analysis of OFDM and OFDM-MIMO Systems under Fading Channels," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 3249–3254, Aug. 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.2209
E. G. Larsson, O. Edfors, F. Tufvesson, and T. L. Marzetta, "Massive MIMO for next generation wireless systems," IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 186–195, Feb. 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.2014.6736761
F. Boccardi, R. W. Heath, A. Lozano, T. L. Marzetta, and P. Popovski, "Five disruptive technology directions for 5G," IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 74–80, Feb. 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.2014.6736746
H. Kim and J. Choi, "Channel estimation for spatially/temporally correlated massive MIMO systems with one-bit ADCs," EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, vol. 2019, no. 1, Dec. 2019, Art. no. 267. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13638-019-1587-x
S. Albadran, "Evaluation of Development Level and Technical Contribution of Recent Technologies Adopted to Meet the Challenges of 5G Wireless Cellular Networks," Symmetry, vol. 13, no. 4, Apr. 2021, Art. no. 635. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13040635
E. Björnson, L. Sanguinetti, and M. Debbah, "Massive MIMO with imperfect channel covariance information," in 2016 50th Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, Pacific Grove, CA, USA, Aug. 2016, pp. 974–978. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACSSC.2016.7869195
E. Björnson, E. G. Larsson, and M. Debbah, "Massive MIMO for Maximal Spectral Efficiency: How Many Users and Pilots Should Be Allocated?," IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 1293–1308, Oct. 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2015.2488634
J. C. Marinello Filho, C. Panazio, and T. AbrãO, "Uplink Performance of Single-Carrier Receiver in Massive MIMO With Pilot Contamination," IEEE Access, vol. 5, pp. 8669–8681, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2703632
R. Chataut and R. Akl, "Optimal pilot reuse factor based on user environments in 5G Massive MIMO," in 2018 IEEE 8th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC), Las Vegas, NV, USA, Jan. 2018, pp. 845–851. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/CCWC.2018.8301625
E. Björnson, M. Kountouris, M. Bengtsson, and B. Ottersten, "Receive Combining vs. Multi-Stream Multiplexing in Downlink Systems With Multi-Antenna Users," IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 61, no. 13, pp. 3431–3446, Jul. 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TSP.2013.2260331
F. Rusek et al., "Scaling Up MIMO: Opportunities and Challenges with Very Large Arrays," IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 40–60, Jan. 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/MSP.2011.2178495
J. Hoydis, S. ten Brink, and M. Debbah, "Massive MIMO in the UL/DL of Cellular Networks: How Many Antennas Do We Need?," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 160–171, Feb. 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/JSAC.2013.130205
S. L. Loyka, "Channel capacity of MIMO architecture using the exponential correlation matrix," IEEE Communications Letters, vol. 5, no. 9, pp. 369–371, Sep. 2001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/4234.951380
C. C. Martin, J. H. Winters, and N. R. Sollenberger, "Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radio channel measurements," in Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE Sensor Array and Multichannel Signal Processing Workshop. SAM 2000 (Cat. No.00EX410), Cambridge, MA, USA, Mar. 2000, pp. 45–46.
A. A. Alzamil, "Assessment of Uplink Massive MIMO in Scattering Environment," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 6290–6293, Oct. 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.3743
Q. H. Spencer, A. L. Swindlehurst, and M. Haardt, "Zero-forcing methods for downlink spatial multiplexing in multiuser MIMO channels," IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 461–471, Oct. 2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TSP.2003.821107
L. You, X. Gao, X.-G. Xia, N. Ma, and Y. Peng, "Pilot Reuse for Massive MIMO Transmission over Spatially Correlated Rayleigh Fading Channels," IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 3352–3366, Jun. 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2015.2404839
Downloads
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Saleh M. Albadarn
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) after its publication in ETASR with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
