Groundwater Quality Assessment Based on a Statistical Approach in Gaya District, Bihar
Received: 16 October 2022 | Revised: 5 November 2022 | Accepted: 6 November 2022 | Online: 5 February 2023
Corresponding author: Shaz Ahmad
Abstract
India is one of the countries that face the serious problem of groundwater contamination. The current study's main objective is to evaluate the quality of the groundwater in the Serghati and its surrounding region of the Gaya district and its suitability for drinking purposes. To achieve this aim, 75 groundwater samples from the 15 sampling sites were collected during the period from March to May 2022. We measured and analyzed the major physicochemical characteristics of the water and compared them to the World Health Organization (WHO) standards. With the help of the Water Quality Index (WQI), groundwater quality was assessed. According to the study results, 3 sites have a WQI value of more than 100, which is unsuitable for drinking. Correlation matrices were used to assess groundwater quality and the extent of the interdependencies of the various parameters. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) reduces the number of significant variables. Three principal components with a total variance of 73.53% were identified and used in the analysis. Overall, the result indicates that most areas' water quality is good and safe for drinking.
Keywords:
drinking water, physiochemical parameters, statistical analysis, Pearson's correlation, principal component analysisDownloads
References
W. Guissouma, O. Hakami, A. J. Al-Rajab, and J. Tarhouni, "Risk assessment of fluoride exposure in drinking water of Tunisia," Chemosphere, vol. 177, pp. 102–108, Jun. 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.011
T. Arfin and S. Waghmare, "Fluoride removal from water by various techniques: Review," International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, vol. 2, no. 9, pp. 560–571, Jul. 2015.
A. N. Laghari, Z. A. Siyal, D. K. Bangwar, M. A. Soomro, G. D. Walasai, and F. A. Shaikh, "Groundwater Quality Analysis for Human Consumption: A Case Study of Sukkur City, Pakistan," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 2616–2620, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.1768
S. Ahmad, R. Singh, T. Arfin, and K. Neeti, "Fluoride contamination, consequences and removal techniques in water: a review," Environmental Science: Advances, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/D1VA00039J
A. Raja and T. Gopikrishnan, "Drought Analysis Using the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) at Different Time Scales in an Arid Region," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 9034–9037, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.5141
K. Praveen and L. B. Roy, "Study of Groundwater Quality for Irrigation Purpose – A Case Study of Paliganj Distributary, Bihar, India," Natural Volatiles & Essential Oils Journal, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 3461–3477, 2021.
S. Waghmare, D. Lataye, T. Arfin, N. Manwar, S. Rayalu, and N. Labhsetwar, "Adsorption Behavior of Eggshell Modified Polyalthia Longifolia Leaf Based Alumina as a Novel Adsorbents for Fluoride Removal from Drinking Water," International Journal of Advance Research and Innovative Ideas in Education, vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 904–926, 2015.
S. S. Waghmare and T. Arfin, "Fluoride induced water pollution issue and its health efficacy in India: A review," Citeseer, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 345-358, 2015.
S. Waghmare, T. Arfin, S. Rayalu, D. Lataye, S. Dubey, and S. Tiwari, "Adsorption behavior of modified zeolite as novel adsorbents for fluoride removal from drinking water: surface phenomena, kinetics and thermodynamics studies," International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research, vol. 4, no. 12, pp. 4114–4124, 2015.
S. S. Waghmare1, T. Arfin, N. Manwar, D. H. Lataye, and N. Labhsetwar, S. Rayalu, "Preparation and Characterization of Polyalthia longifolia Based Alumina as a Novel Adsorbent for Removing Fluoride from Drinking Water," Asian Journal of Advanced Basic Sciences, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 12–24, Aug. 2015.
K. Praveen and L. B. Roy, "Assessment of Groundwater Quality Using Water Quality Indices: A Case Study of Paliganj Distributary, Bihar, India," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 8199–8203, Feb. 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.4696
S. Waghmare, D. Lataye, T. Arfin, and S. Rayalu, "Defluoridation by Nano-Materials, Building Materials and Other Miscellaneous Materials: A Systematic Review," International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, vol. 4, pp. 11998–12010, Dec. 2015.
S. S. Waghmare and T. Arfin, "Fluoride Removal by Clays, Geomaterials, Minerals, Low Cost Materials and Zeolites by Adsorption: A Review," International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research, vol. 4, no. 11, pp. 3663–3676, 2015.
S. S. Waghmare and T. Arfin, "Defluoridation By Adsorption With Chitin - Chitosan-Alginate – Polymers – Cellulose – Resins – Algae And Fungi: A Review," International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 1178–1197, 2015.
T. Arfin and S. S. Waghmare, "Fluoride Removal By Industrial, Agricultural and Biomass Wastes As Adsorbents: Review," International Journal of Advance Research and Innovative Ideas in Education, vol. Vol-1, no. 4, pp. 2395–4396, 2015.
S. S. Waghmare and T. Arfin, "Fluoride Removal from Water By Carbonaceous Materials: Review," International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research, vol. 2, no. 9, pp. 355-361, 2015.
S. S. Waghmare and T. Arfin, "Fluoride Removal from Water by Aluminium Based Adsorption: A Review," Journal of Biological and chemical Chronicles, vol. 2, no. 1, 2015.
S. S. Waghmare, T. Arfin, "Fluoride Removal from Water By Calcium Materials: A State-Of-The-Art Review," International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, vol. 4, no. 9, pp. 8090–8102, Sep. 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15680/IJIRSET.2015.0409013
T. Arfin and S. S. Waghmare, "Fluoride removal from water by mixed metal oxide adsorbent materials: A state-of-the-art review," International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Research Technology, vol. 4, no. 9, pp. 519–536, Jul. 2015.
R. Khan and D. C. Jhariya, "Groundwater quality assessment for drinking purpose in Raipur city, Chhattisgarh using water quality index and geographic information system," Journal of the Geological Society of India, vol. 90, no. 1, pp. 69–76, Jul. 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-017-0665-0
X. He, P. Li, Y. Ji, Y. Wang, Z. Su, and V. Elumalai, "Groundwater Arsenic and Fluoride and Associated Arsenicosis and Fluorosis in China: Occurrence, Distribution and Management," Exposure and Health, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 355–368, Sep. 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-020-00347-8
D. Ortiz-Pérez et al., "Fluoride-induced disruption of reproductive hormones in men," Environmental Research, vol. 93, no. 1, pp. 20–30, Sep. 2003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-9351(03)00059-8
N. Kumar, A. A. Mahessar, S. A. Memon, K. Ansari, and A. L. Qureshi, "Impact Assessment of Groundwater Quality using WQI and Geospatial tools: A Case Study of Islamkot, Tharparkar, Pakistan," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 5288–5294, Feb. 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.3289
K. Loganathan and A. J. Ahamed, "Multivariate statistical techniques for the evaluation of groundwater quality of Amaravathi River Basin: South India," Applied Water Science, vol. 7, no. 8, pp. 4633–4649, Dec. 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-017-0627-0
P. K. Mohapatra, R. Vijay, P. R. Pujari, S. K. Sundaray, and B. P. Mohanty, "Determination of processes affecting groundwater quality in the coastal aquifer beneath Puri city, India: a multivariate statistical approach," Water Science and Technology: A Journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research, vol. 64, no. 4, pp. 809–817, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.605
P. Sahu, G. C. Kisku, P. K. Singh, V. Kumar, P. Kumar, and N. Shukla, "Multivariate statistical interpretation on seasonal variations of fluoride-contaminated groundwater quality of Lalganj Tehsil, Raebareli District (UP), India," Environmental Earth Sciences, vol. 77, no. 13, p. 484, Jun. 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7658-1
T. A. Chandio, M. N. Khan, and A. Sarwar, "Fluoride estimation and its correlation with other physicochemical parameters in drinking water of some areas of Balochistan, Pakistan," Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, vol. 187, no. 8, Aug. 2015, Art. no. 531. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4753-6
D. Marghade, D. B. Malpe, N. Subba Rao, and B. Sunitha, "Geochemical assessment of fluoride enriched groundwater and health implications from a part of Yavtmal District, India," Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 673–694, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2018.1528862
N. Subba Rao, C. Srihari, B. Deepthi Spandana, M. Sravanthi, T. Kamalesh, and V. Abraham Jayadeep, "Comprehensive understanding of groundwater quality and hydrogeochemistry for the sustainable development of suburban area of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India," Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, vol. 25, no. 1–2, pp. 52–80, Feb. 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2019.1571403
Downloads
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Shaz Ahmad, Reena Singh
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) after its publication in ETASR with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
