CYANanobot: Miniaturized Boat-Assisted Data Acquisition for Automated Cyanide Monitoring in Wastewater Using Optical Nano-Sensors
Received: 11 May 2022 | Revised: 4 June 2022 | Accepted: 6 June 2022 | Online: 7 August 2022
Corresponding author: J. S. Loquero
Abstract
Cyanide contamination in water and wastewater is ubiquitous, particularly in gold mining industries, where cyanide is commonly used to extract gold. It is constantly being monitored by collecting samples which are analyzed in the laboratory using traditional cyanide analysis, which requires complicated instrumentation, skilled analysts, and expensive equipment. Using the gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-decorated paper-based sensor employing Whatman Filter Paper (WFP) as a substrate, an automated process for cyanide monitoring with the aid of an assembled and improvised remotely controlled miniature boat was developed. The technology is equipped with a filtration system with automated water sample collection and preparation with an automatic paper sensor dispenser. Images of the collected wastewater samples are taken at different time intervals and are analyzed on their respective color spaces based on 8 mathematical models, each predicting the cyanide level of the water sample. The predictions are compared to the actual Ion-Selective Electrode (ISE) measurement, and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) values were calculated. The predictions at 165s using the Hue, Saturation, Value (HSV) color space exhibited the highest R2 of 0.85 and the lowest RMSE of 3.80 parts per million (ppm) with an average error of 3.40ppm. The predictions are sent to a database using Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). The results suggest that the CYANanobot technology facilitates fast analysis time, circumvents the frequent instrument calibration, reduces operating costs, minimizes exposure to toxic cyanide-containing samples, and reduces person-to-person interaction.
Keywords:
Cyanide, Gold nanoparticle (AuNPs)-decorated paper-based sensor, Remote-controlled boat, Automated Cyanide Monitoring, Image Processing, GSMDownloads
References
B. C. Nyamunda, "Water Quality," in Water Quality, H. Tutu, Ed. IntechOpen, 2017.
D. Stapper, K. Dales, P. Velasquez, and S. Keane, "Best Management Practices for Cyanide Use in the SmallScale Gold Mining Sector," PlanetGOLD Programme, 2021.
J. Ma and P. K. Dasgupta, "Recent developments in cyanide detection: A review," Analytica Chimica Acta, vol. 673, no. 2, pp. 117–125, Jul. 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2010.05.042
C. Anning, J. Wang, P. Chen, I. Batmunkh, and X. Lyu, "Determination and detoxification of cyanide in gold mine tailings: A review," Waste Management & Research, vol. 37, no. 11, pp. 1117–1126, Nov. 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X19876691
C. A. Johnson, "The fate of cyanide in leach wastes at gold mines: An environmental perspective," Applied Geochemistry, vol. 57, pp. 194–205, Jun. 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2014.05.023
A. T. Singh, D. Lantigua, A. Meka, S. Taing, M. Pandher, and G. Camci-Unal, "Paper-Based Sensors: Emerging Themes and Applications," Sensors, vol. 18, no. 9, Sep. 2018, Art. no. 2838. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s18092838
M. L. Budlayan et al., "Gold nanoparticles-decorated paper-based sensor for rapid cyanide detection in water," Advances in Natural Sciences: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, vol. 12, no. 2, Feb. 2021, Art./ no. 025007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/2043-6262/abffc7
A. İncel, O. Akın, A. Çağır, Ü. H. Yıldız, and M. M. Demir, "Smart phone assisted detection and quantification of cyanide in drinking water by paper based sensing platform," Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, vol. 252, pp. 886–893, Nov. 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2017.05.185
L. Lvova et al., "Smartphone coupled with a paper-based optode: Towards a selective cyanide detection," Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines, vol. 24, no. 05n07, pp. 964–972, May 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/S1088424620500091
M. Cherbuin, F. Zelder, and W. Karlen, "Quantifying cyanide in water and foodstuff using corrin-based CyanoKit technologies and a smartphone," Analyst, vol. 144, no. 1, pp. 130–136, Dec. 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C8AN01059E
M. L. Firdaus et al., "Smartphone Coupled with a Paper-Based Colorimetric Device for Sensitive and Portable Mercury Ion Sensing," Chemosensors, vol. 7, no. 2, Jun. 2019, Art. no. 25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors7020025
H. Singh, G. Singh, D. K. Mahajan, N. Kaur, and N. Singh, "A low-cost device for rapid ‘color to concentration’ quantification of cyanide in real samples using paper-based sensing chip," Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, vol. 322, Nov. 2020, Art. no. 128622. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2020.128622
S. Smith et al., "Development of paper-based electrochemical sensors for water quality monitoring," in Fourth Conference on Sensors, MEMS, and Electro-Optic Systems, Skukuza, South Africa, Feb. 2017, pp. 110–115. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2244290
A. T. Demetillo, R. Y. Capangpangan, M. C. Bonotan, J. P. B. Lagare, and E. B. Taboada, "Real-time Detection of Cyanide in Surface Water and its Automated Data Acquisition and Dissemination System," Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 395–402, 2020.
N. Geetha, "IoT based smart water quality monitoring system," International Journal of Nonlinear Analysis and Applications, vol. 12, Special Issue, pp. 1665–1671, Jan. 2021.
S. Zafar, G. Miraj, R. Baloch, D. Murtaza, and K. Arshad, "An IoT Based Real-Time Environmental Monitoring System Using Arduino and Cloud Service," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 3238–3242, Aug. 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.2144
A. T. Demetillo and E. B. Taboada, "Real-Time Water Quality Monitoring For Small Aquatic Area Using Unmanned Surface Vehicle," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 3959–3964, Apr. 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.2661
R. Govindarajan, S. Meikandasivam, and D. Vijayakumar, "Performance Analysis of Smart Energy Monitoring Systems in Real-time," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 5808–5813, Jun. 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.3566
Downloads
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2022 J. S. Loquero, A. T. Demetillo, I. B. Pongcol, J. M. Sakuddin, R. N. Mendoza, D. J. C. Estose, R. J. U. Candare, Y. P. C. Amarga, R. Y. Capangpangan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) after its publication in ETASR with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.