Lateral Reliability Assessment of Eccentrically Braced Frames Including Horizontal and Vertical Links Under Seismic Loading
Received: 20 January 2022 | Accepted: 1 February 2022 | Online: 9 April 2022
Corresponding author: F. Abdelhamid
Abstract
Eccentrically Braced Frames (EBFs) have been widely used in the last decades and proved their efficiency to resist strong earthquake intensities by providing suitable ductility and lateral stiffness. Using the PBPD method for the design, EBFs can fulfill the target performance objectives under major earthquakes. The most commonly used configurations are the K-shaped and the recent Y-shaped EBFs, which have the advantage that the links are independent of the beam and can be easily replaced after an earthquake without serious damage to the beam and slab. This study focused on the lateral reliability of both systems under seismic loading. Nonlinear static pushover and Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA) were performed on 5-story and 10-story K- and Y-shaped EBFs. A series of 14 near- and 7 far-field seismic records were considered to analyze and compare the inter-story drifts of both systems using the Seismostruct software. Moreover, Peak Ground Accelerations (PGA) and the different performance levels were also examined.
Keywords:
eccentric braces, short links, incremental dynamic analysis, performance based design, interstory driftDownloads
References
C. W. Roeder and E. P. Popov, "Inelastic behavior of eccentrically braced steel frames under cyclic loadings," American Iron and Steel Institution, Washington, DC, USA, UCB/EERC-77/18, Dec. 1977.
C. W. Roeder and E. P. Popov, "Cyclic Shear Yielding of Wide-Flange Beams," Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division, vol. 104, no. 4, pp. 763–780, Aug. 1978. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/JMCEA3.0002378
K. D. Hjelmstad and E. P. Popov, "Seismic behavior of active beam links in eccentrically braced frames," National Science Foundation, Washington, DC, USA, UCB/EERC-83/15, Apr. 1983.
K. D. Hjelmstad and E. P. Popov, "Cyclic Behavior and Design of Link Beams," Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 109, no. 10, pp. 2387–2403, Oct. 1983. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1983)109:10(2387)
D. N. Manheim and E. P. Popov, "Plastic Shear Hinges in Steel Frames," Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 109, no. 10, pp. 2404–2419, Oct. 1983. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1983)109:10(2404)
K. Kasai and E. P. Popov, "General Behavior of WF Steel Shear Link Beams," Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 112, no. 2, pp. 362–382, Feb. 1986. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1986)112:2(362)
M. D. Engelhardt and E. P. Popov, "Behavior of Long Links in Eccentrically Braced Frames," American Iron and Steel Institution, Washington, DC, USA, UCB/EERC-89/01, Jan. 1989.
"Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings," American Institure of Steel Construction, Chicago, IL, USA, ANSI/AISC Standard 341–10, 2010.
J. O. Malley and E. P. Popov, "Design Considerations for Shear Links in Eccentrically Braced Frames," National Science Foundation, Washington, DC, USA, UCB/EERC-83/24, Nov. 1983.
K. Kasai and E. P. Popov, "Cyclic Web Buckling Control for Shear Link Beams," Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 112, no. 3, pp. 505–523, Mar. 1986. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1986)112:3(505)
M. D. Engelhardt and E. P. Popov, "Experimental Performance of Long Links in Eccentrically Braced Frames," Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 118, no. 11, pp. 3067–3088, Nov. 1992. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1992)118:11(3067)
K. C. Tsai, Y. F. Yang, and J. L. Lin, "Seismic eccentrically braced frames," The Structural Design of Tall Buildings, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 53–74, 1993. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.4320020105
J. M. Ricles and E. P. Popov, "Dynamic Analysis of Seismically Resistant Eccentrically Braced Frames," American Iron and Steel Institution, Washington, DC, USA, UCB/EERC-87/07, Jun. 1987.
J. M. Rides and E. P. Popov, "Inelastic Link Element for EBF Seismic Analysis," Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 120, no. 2, pp. 441–463, Feb. 1994. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1994)120:2(441)
P. P. Rossi and A. Lombardo, "Influence of the link overstrength factor on the seismic behaviour of eccentrically braced frames," Journal of Constructional Steel Research, vol. 63, no. 11, pp. 1529–1545, Aug. 2007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2007.01.006
M. Bosco, E. M. Marino, and P. P. Rossi, "Proposal of modifications to the design provisions of Eurocode 8 for buildings with split K eccentric braces," Engineering Structures, vol. 61, pp. 209–223, Nov. 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.07.022
M. Bosco and P. P. Rossi, "A design procedure for dual eccentrically braced systems: Numerical investigation," Journal of Constructional Steel Research, vol. 80, pp. 453–464, Jan. 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2012.08.003
M. Bosco, E. M. Marino, and P. P. Rossi, "Modelling of steel link beams of short, intermediate or long length," Engineering Structures, vol. 84, pp. 406–418, Oct. 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.12.003
M. T. Kazemi, "Mixed Shear-Flexural (VM) Hinge Element and Its Applications," Scientia Iranica, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 193–204, Jun. 2007.
M. T. Kazemi and S. Erfani, "Special VM link element for modeling of shear–flexural interaction in frames," The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 119–135, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.395
M. T. Kazemi and M. H. Asl, "Modeling of inelastic mixed hinge and its application in analysis of the frames with reduced beam section," International Journal of Steel Structures, vol. 11, no. 1, Feb. 2011 Art. no. 51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/S13296-011-1005-7
N. W. Bishay-Girges, "An Alternative System for Eccentrically Braced Frames Resisting Lateral Loads," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 4281–4286, Jun. 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.2778
G. Xu and M. Yamanari, "Performance of Steel Frame with Linkage System under Earthquake Excitation," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 3796–3802, Feb. 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.2519
M. Seki, H. Katsumata, H. Uchida, and T. Takeda, "Seki, M., et al. "Study on earthquake response of two-storied steel frame with Y-shaped braces," in Proceedings 9th world conference on earthquake engineering, Tokyo-Kyoto, Japan, 1988, pp. 65–70.
M. G. Vetr, "Seismic behavior, analysis and design of eccentrically braced frames with vertical shear links," Ph.D. dissertation, University of Technology Darmstadt, Germany, 1998.
F. Wang, M. Su, M. Hong, Y. Guo, and S. Li, "Cyclic behaviour of Y-shaped eccentrically braced frames fabricated with high-strength steel composite," Journal of Constructional Steel Research, vol. 120, pp. 176–187, Dec. 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2016.01.007
S. Li, Q. Wang, X. Li, and J. Tian, "Seismic performance of Y-type eccentrically braced frames combined with high-strength steel based on performance-based seismic design," The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings, vol. 29, no. 3, 2020, Art. no. e1689. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.1689
Seismosoft, SeismoStruct. 2021.
"Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Existing Buildings," American Society of Civil Engineers, ASCE/SEI 41-17, Dec. 2017.
"GB 50011-2010 Code for Seismic Design of Buildings," Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing, China, 2010.
Quantification of Building Seismic Performance Factors - FEMA P695. Washington, DC, USA: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, FEMA, 2009.
M. Javanpour and P. Zarfam, "Application of Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA) Method for Studying the Dynamic Behavior of Structures During Earthquakes," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1338–1344, Feb. 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.902
D. Vamvatsikos and C. A. Cornell, "Incremental dynamic analysis," Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 491–514, 2002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.141
"Prestandard and Commentary for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings," American Society of Civil Engineers, Nov. 2000.
Downloads
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2022 F. Abdelhamid, D. Yahiaoui, M. Saadi, N. Lahbari
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) after its publication in ETASR with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
