A Review of Shaped Charge Variables for its Optimum Performance
Abstract
Shaped charge is a device for focusing the chemical energy of explosives to a particular point or line for penetration or cutting purpose respectively. They are used for the penetration or cutting of various types of targets on land, water, underground, underwater, or air. Their shape is either conical or linear and consists of explosive, casing and liner. The liner is bent towards the central axis producing a thin hypervelocity jet by the energy released as a result of the explosive detonation. This jet is utilized against the target. Shaped charges can perforate or penetrate targets like aircrafts, ships, submarines, armored vehicles, battle tanks, and bunkers. This paper presents a detailed review of analytical works, computer simulations, and experimental results related to the liner. Among modern diagnostic techniques flash x-rays, radiography is most used in the experiments performed in the last 40 years. Powder metallurgy, which started in the late twentieth century raised the efficiency of shaped charges to new altitudes. The efficiency of the shaped charge depends on numerous factors such as explosive’s type, liner’s material, geometry and metallurgy, manufacturing technique, and casing thickness. Factors concerning the liner’s material, metallurgical advancements, and geometry are discussed chronologically and in detail.
Keywords:
conical liners, hemispherical liners, sintered powder liners, rolled homogenous armorDownloads
References
J. Carleone, R. Jameson, P. C. Chou, “The tip origin of a shaped charge jet”, Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, Vol. 2, No. 6, pp. 126-130, 1977 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.19770020604
M. A. Lavrent'ev, “Cumulative charge and its operating principles”, Uspekhi Matematicheskikh Nauk, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 41-56, 1957
H. Shekhar, “Theoretical modelling of shaped charges in the last two decades (1990-2010): A review”, Central European Journal of Energetic Materials, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 155-185, 2012
J. Hetherington, P. Smith, Blast and ballistic loading of structures, CRC Press, 2014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9781482269277
D. C. Pack, W. M. Evans, “Penetration by high-velocity (Munroe') jets: I”, Physical Society, Section B, Vol. 64, No. 4, pp. 298, 1951 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0370-1301/64/4/302
H. Shekhar, “Explosive characteristics and shaped charge applications of nitromethane (NM): A review”, Central European Journal of Energetic Materials, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 87-97, 2012
W. Walters, “An overview of the shaped charge concept”, 11th Annual ARL/USMA Technical Symposium, 2003
P. C. Chou, W. Flis, “Recent developments in shaped charge technology”, Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 99-114, 1986 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.19860110402
S. S. Samudre, U. R. Nair, G. M. Gore, R. K. Sinha, A. K. Sikder, S. N. Asthana, “Studies on an improved plastic bonded explosive (PBX) for shaped charges”, Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 145-150, 2009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.200800036
V. P. Alekseevskii, “Penetration of a rod into a target at high velocity”, Combustion, Explosion and Shock Waves, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 63-66, 1966 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00749237
M. J. Murphy, R. M. Kuklo, “Fundamentals of shaped charge penetration in concrete”, 18th International Symposium On Ballistics, San Antonio, Texas, November 15-19, 1999
K. Naeem, A. Hussain, “Development of a matlab code for plane wave lens and its validation by autodyn-2D”, Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, Vol. 8, No. 6, pp. 3614-3618, 2018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.2415
W. Walters, A brief history of shaped charges, Army Research Laboratory, 2008
G. Bloem. Shell for detonating caps, U.S. Patent 342423, 1886
G. Birkhoff, D. P. MacDougall, E. M. Pugh, G. Taylor, “Explosives with lined cavities”, Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 19, No. 6, pp. 563-582, 1948 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1698173
K. Naeem, A. Hussain, “Numerical and experimental study of wave shaper effects on detonation wave front”, Defence Technology, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 45-50, 2018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2017.11.005
M. Ahmed, A. Q. Malik, “A review of works on shaped charges”, Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, Vol. 7, No. 5, pp. 2098-2103, 2017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.1532
W. B. Li, W. B. Li, X. M. Wang, H. Zhou, “Effect of the liner material on the shape of dual mode penetrators”, Combustion, Explosion and Shock Waves, Vol. 51, No. 3, pp. 387-394, 2015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0010508215030168
W. P. Walters, The shaped charge concept, Part 2, the history of shaped charges, Technical Report BRL-TR3158, USA Army Ballistic Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, 1990 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21236/ADA226772
A. C. Gurevitch, L. E. Murr, H. K. Shih, C. S. Niou, A. H. Advani, D. Manuel, L. Zernow, “Characterization and comparison of microstructures in the shaped-charge regime: Copper and tantalum”, Materials Characterization, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 201-216, 1993 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/1044-5803(93)90022-N
M. Held, Hydrodynamic theory of shaped charge jet penetration, Messerschmitt-Boolkow-Blohm, 1991
A. Doig, “Some metallurgical aspects of shaped charge liners”, Journal of Battlefield Technology, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 1-3, 1998
W. T. Fu, Z. H. Rong, “Copper-tungsten shaped charge liner and its jet”, Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 193-195, 1996 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.19960210406
A. Lichtenberger, N. Verstraete, D. Salignon, M. T. Daumas, J. Collard, “Shaped charges with molybdenum liner”, 16th International Ballistics Symposium, San Francisco, USA, September 23-28, 1996
E. L. Baker, A. Daniels, G. P. Voorhis, T. Vuong, J. Pearson, “Development of molybdenum shaped charge liners”, 127th Annual Meeting and Exhibition of the Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, February 15-19, San Antonio, USA, 1998
K. G. Cowan, K. J. A. Mawella, D. J. Standing, B. Bourne, J. S. Jones, A. C. Kitney, “Analytical code and hydrocode modelling and experimental characterisation of shaped charges containing conical tungsten liners”, 18th International Symposium on Ballistics, San Antonio, USA, November 15-19, 1999
B. M. Grove, J. F. Lands, R. A. Parrott, Shaped charges having reduced slug creation, US Patent 6021714, 2000
M. J. Murphy, D. W. Baum, D. B. Clark, E. M. McGuire, S. C. Simonson, “Numerical simulation of damage and fracture in concrete from shaped charge jets”, 6th International Conference on Mechanical and Physical Behaviour of Materials Under Dynamic Loading, Krakow, Poland, September 25-29, 2000
A. V. Babkin, P. A. Bondarenko, S. V. Fedorov, S. V. Ladov, V. I. Kolpakov, S. G. Andreev, “Limits of increasing the penetration of shaped-charge jets by pulsed thermal action on shaped-charge liners”, Combustion, Explosion and Shock Waves, Vol. 37, No. 6, pp. 727-733, 2001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012948702419
K. G. Cowan, B. Bourne, “Analytical code and hydrocode modelling and experimental characterisation of shaped charges containing conical molybdenum liners”, 19th International Ballistic Symposium, Interlaken, Switzerland, May 7-11, 2001
M. Held, “Liners for shaped charges”, Journal of Battlefield Technology, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 1-7, 2001
W. H. Tian, A. L. Fan, H. Y. Gao, J. Luo, Z. Wang, “Comparison of microstructures in electroformed copper liners of shaped charges before and after plastic deformation at different strain rates”, Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 350, No. 1-2, pp. 160-167, 2003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(02)00721-9
B. Bourne, K. G. Cowan, J. P. Curtis, “Shaped charge warheads containing low melt energy metal liners”, 19th International Ballistic Symposium, Interlaken, Switzerland, May 7-11, 2001
W. F. L. T. G. Ruijun, W. Yuling, “A study on tungsten-copper-nickel alloy as shaped charge liner”, Acta Armamentarii, Vol. 1, pp. 28, 2001
W. H. Lee, “Oil well perforator design using 2D Eulerian code”, International Journal of Impact Engineering, Vol. 27, No. 5, pp. 535-559, 2002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0734-743X(01)00054-9
Z. W. Hu, Z. K. Li, T. J. Zhang, X. M. Zhang, “Advanced progress in materials for shaped charge and explosively formed penetrator liners”, Rare Metal Materials and Engineering, Vol. 33, No. 10, pp. 1009-1012, 2004
J. Petit, V. Jeanclaude, C. Fressengeas, “Breakup of copper shaped-charge jets: Experiment, numerical simulations, and analytical modeling”, Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 98, No. 12, Article ID 123521, 2005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2141647
E. Hirsch, “Scaling of the shaped charge jet break-up time”, Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 230-233, 2006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.200600031
M. Huerta, M. G. Vigil, “Design, analyses, and field test of a 0.7 m conical shaped charge”, International Journal of Impact Engineering, Vol. 32, No. 8, pp. 1201-1213, 2006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2004.10.002
M. Wickert, “Electric armor against shaped charges: Analysis of jet distortion with respect to jet dynamics and current flow”, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 426-429, 2007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2006.887650
S. V. Fedorov, A. V. Babkin, S. V. Ladov, G. A. Shvetsov, A. D. Matrosov, “On the possibility of reducing the penetration capability of shaped-charge jets in a magnetic field”, Journal of Applied Mechanics and Technical Physics, Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 393-400, 2007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10808-007-0049-0
O. Ayisit, “The influence of asymmetries in shaped charge performance”, International Journal of Impact Engineering, Vol. 35, No. 12, pp. 1399-1404, 2008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2008.07.027
C. Wang, T. Ma, J. Ning, “Experimental investigation of penetration performance of shaped charge into concrete targets”, Acta Mechanica Sinica, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 345-349, 2008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10409-008-0160-3
X. Zhang, C. Wu, F. Huang, “Penetration of shaped charge jets with tungsten-copper and copper liners at the same explosive-to-liner mass ratio into water”, Shock Waves, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 263-267, 2010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00193-010-0248-0
T. Elshenawy, Q. M. Li, “Breakup time of zirconium shaped charge jet”, Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, Vol. 38, No. 5, pp. 703-708, 2013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.201200191
P. Y. Chanteret, A. Lichtenberger, “Bimetallic liners and coherence of shaped charge jets”, 15th International Symposium on Ballistics, Jerusalem, Israel, May 21-24, 1995
J. S. Mason, Experimental testing of bimetallic and reactive shaped charge liners, MSc Thesis, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2010
J. P. Curtis, R. Cornish, “Formation model for shaped charged liners comprising multiple layers of different materials”, 18th International Symposium on Ballistics, San Antonio, USA, November 15-19, 1999
G. A. Shvetsov, A. D. Matrosov, S. V. Fedorov, A. V. Babkin, S. V. Ladov, “Effect of external magnetic fields on shaped-charge operation”, International Journal of Impact Engineering, Vol. 38, No. 6, pp. 521-526, 2011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2010.10.024
E. Scheid, T. D. Burleigh, N. U. Deshpande, M. J. Murphy, “Shaped charge liner early collapse experiment execution and validation”, Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, Vol. 39, No. 5, pp. 739-748, 2014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.201400008
M. Ahmed, A. Q. Malik, S. A. Rofi, Z. X. Huang, “Penetration evaluation of explosively formed projectiles through air and water using insensitive munition: Simulative and experimental studies”, Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 913-916, 2016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.622
B. H. Chang, J. P. Yin, Z. Q. Cui, T. X. Liu, “Improved dynamic mechanical properties of modified PTFE jet penetrating charge with shell”, Strength of Materials, Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 82-89, 2016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11223-016-9741-8
W. Q. Guo, J. X. Liu, Y. Xiao, S. K. Li, Z. Y. Zhao, J. Cao, “Comparison of penetration performance and penetration mechanism of w-cu shaped charge liner against three kinds of target: Pure copper, carbon steel and Ti-6Al-4V alloy”, International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials, Vol. 60, pp. 147-153, 2016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2016.07.015
Q. Q. Xiao, Z. X. Huang, X. D. Zu, X. Jia, “Influence of drift velocity and distance between jet particles on the penetration depth of shaped charges”, Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 76-83, 2015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.201500051
Z. Zhao, J. Liu, W. Guo, S. Li, G. Wang, “Effect of Zn and Ni added in W–Cu alloy on penetration performance and penetration mechanism of shaped charge liner”, International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, Vol. 54, pp. 90-97, 2016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2015.07.022
N. D. Gerami, G. H. Liaghat, G. H. R. S. Moghadas, N. Khazraiyan, “Analysis of liner effect on shaped charge penetration into thick concrete targets”, Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 39, No. 8, pp. 3189-3201, 2017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-017-0797-6
F. Hu, H. Wu, Q. Fang, J. C. Liu, “Numerical simulations of shaped charge jet penetration into concrete-like targets”, International Journal of Protective Structures, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 237-259, 2017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2041419617706863
L. Ding, W. Tang, X. Ran, “Simulation study on jet formability and damage characteristics of a low-density material liner”, Materials, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 72, 2018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11010072
C. Wang, W. Xu, S. C. K. Yuen, “Penetration of shaped charge into layered and spaced concrete targets”, International Journal of Impact Engineering, Vol. 112, pp. 193-206, 2018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2017.10.013
J. Xiao, X. Zhang, Z. Guo, H. Wang, “Cover picture: Enhanced damage effects of multi-layered concrete target produced by reactive materials liner”, Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, Vol. 43, No. 9, pp. 851-851, 2018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.201880901
R. M. German, Sintering theory and practice, Wiley-Interscience, 1996
J. R. Pickens, “Aluminium powder metallurgy technology for high-strength applications”, Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 16, No. 6, pp. 1437-1457, 1981 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02396863
Y. A. Trishin, S. A. Kinelovskii, “Effect of porosity on shaped-charge flow”, Combustion, Explosion and Shock Waves, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 272-281, 2000 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02699373
W. Walters, P. Peregino, R. Summers, D. Leidel, A study of jets from unsintered-powder metal lined nonprecision small-caliber shaped charges, USA Army Ballistics Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, 2001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21236/ADA391493
B. Grove, “Theoretical considerations on the penetration of powdered metal jets”, International Journal of Impact Engineering, Vol. 33, No. 1-12, pp. 316-325, 2006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2006.09.034
B. Zygmunt, Z. Wilk, “The research of shaped charges with powder liners for geological borehole perforation”, Archives of Mining Sciences, Vol. 52, No. 1, pp. 121-133, 2007
B. Zygmunt, Z. Wilk, “Formation of jets by shaped charges with metal powder liners”, Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, Vol. 33, No. 6, pp. 482-487, 2008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.200800015
A. Fan, S. K. Li, W. H. Tian, “Grain growth and texture evolution in electroformed copper liners of shaped charges”, Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 474, No. 1-2, pp. 208-213, 2008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2007.04.001
Y. Gao, X. Gu, T. Liu, “Sintering effect on the performance of tungsten-copper powder liner”, Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Materials Science Edition, Vol. 27, No. 6, pp. 1133-1136, 2012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11595-012-0616-y
P. Church, R. Claridge, P. Ottley, I. Lewtas, N. Harrison, P. Gould, C. Braithwaite, D. Williamson, “Investigation of a nickel-aluminum reactive shaped charge liner”, Journal of Applied Mechanics, Vol. 80, No. 3, Article ID 031701, 2013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4023339
Y. I. Voitenko, S. V. Goshovskii, A. G. Drachuk, V. P. Bugaets, “Mechanical effect of shaped charges with porous liners”, Combustion, Explosion and Shock Waves, Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 109-116, 2013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0010508213010127
N. Duan, Y. Gao, J. Wang, W. Du, F. Wang, “The properties of the sintered copper powder liner”, Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Materials Science Edition, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 269-272, 2014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11595-014-0906-7
J. Won, G. Bae, K. Kang, C. Lee, S. J. Kim, K. A. Lee, S. Lee, “Bonding, reactivity, and mechanical properties of the kinetic-sprayed deposition of al for a thermally activated reactive Cu liner”, Journal of Thermal Spray Technology, Vol. 23, No. 5, pp. 818-826, 2014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-014-0088-z
G. Byun, J. Kim, C. Lee, S. J. Kim, S. Lee, “Kinetic spraying deposition of reactive-enhanced Al-Ni composite for shaped charge liner applications”, Journal of Thermal Spray Technology, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 483-493, 2016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-015-0368-2
Y. Wang, Q. Yu, Y. Zheng, H. Wang, “Formation and penetration of jets by shaped charges with reactive material liners”, Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 618-622, 2016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.201500298
T. Elshenawy, A. Elbeih, Q. M. Li, “A modified penetration model for copper-tungsten shaped charge jets with non-uniform density distribution”, Central European Journal of Energetic Materials, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 927-943, 2016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22211/cejem/65141
J. Xiao, X. Zhang, Y. Wang, F. Xu, H. Wang, “Demolition mechanism and behavior of shaped charge with reactive liner”, Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 612-617, 2016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.201500211
T. Elshenawy, “Density effect of the compacted copper-tungsten shaped charge powder liners on its penetration performance”, Journal of Powder Metallurgy & Mining, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 1-6, 2017
T. Majewski, A. Jackowski, “Use of graphene for shaped charge liner materials”, Problemy Mechatroniki: Uzbrojenie, Lotnictwo, Inzynieria Bezpieczenstwa, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 15-28, 2018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.2737
Z. Zhang, L. Wang, V. Silberschmidt, “Damage response of steel plate to underwater explosion: Effect of shaped charge liner”, International Journal of Impact Engineering, Vol. 103, pp. 38-49, 2017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2017.01.008
R. DiPersio, J. Simon, T. H. Martin, A study of jets from scaled conical shaped charge liners, Ballistic Research Laboratories, 1960 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21236/AD0246352
F. E. Allison, R. Vitali, A new method of computing penetration variables for shaped-charge jets, USA Army Ballistics Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, 1963
A. Merendino, J. M. Regan, S. Kronman, A method of obtaining a massive hypervelocity pellet from a shaped charge jet, USA Army Ballistics Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, 1963
R. R. Rollins, G. B. Clark, H. N. Kalia. “Penetration in granite by jets from shaped-charge liners of six materials”, International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 183-200, 1973 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(73)90031-4
E. M. Wescott, E. P. Rieger, H. C. Stenbaek-Nielsen, T. N. Davis, H. M. Peek, P. J. Bottoms, “L=1.24 conjugate magnetic field line tracing experiments with barium shaped charges”, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 79, No. 1, pp. 159-168, 1974 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/JA079i001p00159
E. Hirsch, “A formula for the shaped charge jet breakup time”, Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, Vol. 4, No. 5, pp. 89-94, 1979 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.19790040502
M. J. Murphy, Shaped-charge penetration in concrete: a unified approach, PhD Thesis, University of California, 1983 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2172/6527967
M. Vigil, Explosive initiation by very small conical shaped charge jets, Sandia National Labs, 1985
M. Held, R. Fischer, “Penetration theory for inclined and moving shaped charges”, Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 115-122, 1986 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.19860110403
C. Aseltine, W. Walters, A. Arbuckle, J. Lacetera, “Hemispherical shaped charges utilizing tapered liners”, 4th International Symposium on Ballistics, Monterey, USA, September 17-19, 1978
W. P. Walters, S. K. Golaski, Hemispherical and conical shaped-charge liner collapse and jet formation, Technical Report BRL-TR-2781, USA Army Ballistic Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, 1987
M. Held, “Penetration cutoff velocities of shaped charge jets”, Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 111-119, 1988 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.19880130405
Z. Rosenberg, E. D. Rafael, “Use of 2D simulations to study penetration mechanisms of long rods and shaped charge jets”, Chemical Physics Reports, Vol. 18, No. 10, pp. 2047-2059, 2000
V. I. Tarasov, Y. V. Yanilkin, Y. A. Vedernikov, “Three-dimensional simulation of shaped charges with a star-shaped liner”, Combustion, Explosion and Shock Waves, Vol. 36, No. 6, pp. 840-844, 2000 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1002827411648
S. Saran, O. Ayisit, M. S. Yavuz, “Experimental investigations on aluminum shaped charge liners”, Procedia Engineering, Vol. 58, pp. 479-486, 2013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2013.05.055
S. V. Fedorov, “Numerical simulation of the formation of shaped-charge jets from hemispherical liners of degressive thickness”, Combustion, Explosion and Shock Waves, Vol. 52, No. 5, pp. 600-612, 2016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0010508216050117
N. D. Gerami, G. H. Liaghat, G. H. Rahimi, N. Khazraiyan, “The effect of concrete damage on the penetration depth by the tandem projectiles”, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, Vol. 232, No. 6, pp. 1020-1032, 2018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0954406217700178
C. Wang, F. Huang, J. Ning, “Jet formation and penetration mechanism of W typed shaped charge”, Acta Mechanica Sinica, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 107-120, 2009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10409-008-0212-8
M. G. Vigil, J. G. Harlan, Optimal design and fabrication of reproducible linear shaped charges, Technical Report, Sandia National Labs, 1986 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2172/5814197
M. G. Vigil, “Design and development of precision linear shaped charges”, International Symposium on Detonation, Portland, USA, August 28-September 1, 1989
M. Vigil, Design of linear shaped charges using the LESCA code, Technical Report SAND90-0243, Sandia National Laboratories, 1990
M. Johnston, S. Lim, “Numerical observation of the jet flight patterns of linear shaped charges”, Applied Sciences, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 629-640, 2012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app2030629
S. Lim, “Steady state analytical equation of motion of linear shaped charges jet based on the modification of Birkhoff theory”, Applied Sciences, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 35-45, 2012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app2010035
D. Feng, M. B. Liu, H. Li, G. R. Liu, “Smoothed particle hydrodynamics modeling of linear shaped charge with jet formation and penetration effects”, Computers & Fluids, Vol. 86, pp. 77-85, 2013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compfluid.2013.06.033
A. Wojewodka, T. Witkowski, “Methodology for simulation of the jet formation process in an elongated shaped charge”, Combustion, Explosion and Shock Waves, Vol. 50, No. 3, pp. 362-367, 2014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0010508214030150
P. Dehestani, A. Fathi, H. M. Daniali. “Numerical study of the stand-off distance and liner thickness effect on the penetration depth efficiency of shaped charge process”, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, Vol 233, No. 3, pp. 977-986, 2018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0954406218766183
Downloads
Additional Files
How to Cite
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) after its publication in ETASR with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
