A Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering Routing Protocol with Dynamic Round-Length for Wireless Sensor Networks

Authors

  • Sihem Oubadi Research Laboratory on Computer Science’s Complex Systems (ReLa(CS)2), University of Oum El Bouaghi, Algeria
  • Lakhdar Derdouri Research Laboratory on Computer Science’s Complex Systems (ReLa(CS)2), University of Oum El Bouaghi, Algeria https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4347-7696
  • Zakaria Laboudi Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Things (LIAOA), University of Oum El Bouaghi, Algeria https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3699-4081
  • Mohammed Demri Laboratoire de Développement Durable et d'Informatique (LDDI), University of Adrar, Algeria https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1868-3386
Volume: 15 | Issue: 3 | Pages: 22818-22829 | June 2025 | https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.10507

Received: 9 February 2025 | Revised: 12 March 2025 | Accepted: 30 March 2025 |Online: 6 April 2025


Corresponding author: Sihem Oubadi

Abstract

Due to resource constraints, especially limited energy and network dynamics, the design and implementation of efficient and reliable routing protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) has become a challenging task. Several routing protocols, particularly cluster-based ones, have been developed with the potential to significantly increase network lifetime. However, these protocols still have drawbacks, such as reliance on probabilistic and centralized clustering mechanisms, single-hop communication within clusters, periodic re-clustering, and static round lengths. To address these issues, this paper presents the Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering Routing Protocol with a Dynamic Round Length (DEECRP-DRL) for WSNs. To deal with the hotspot problem, a clustering fitness function is defined to determine the optimal Cluster Heads (CHs) and to form unequal clusters based on residual energy, intra-cluster distance, and inter-cluster distance metrics. Meanwhile, a routing fitness function is used to select the best relay nodes for efficient multi-hop data routing. The round duration is dynamically calculated based on the residual energy of CHs to minimize the overhead caused by the re-clustering process. The simulation results using OMNeT++ show that DEECRP-DRL outperforms existing algorithms across various scenarios, including the impact of Base Station (BS) location and network scalability.

Keywords:

clustering, energy efficiency, network lifetime, round-length, routing protocols, wireless sensor networks

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[1]
Oubadi, S., Derdouri, L., Laboudi, Z. and Demri, M. 2025. A Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering Routing Protocol with Dynamic Round-Length for Wireless Sensor Networks. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research. 15, 3 (Jun. 2025), 22818–22829. DOI:https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.10507.

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