Prototype for Wireless Power Supply In-Wheel PMSM Considering Load Conditions
Received: 26 January 2025 | Revised: 23 February 2025 | Accepted: 27 February 2025 | Online: 4 June 2025
Corresponding author: Ali Jafer Mahdi
Abstract
This research presents the practical implementation of a Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) system for supplying an in-wheel Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM). The proposed system is designed to transfer approximately 250 W using a resonant circuit, with power delivery and motor performance regulated through DC-DC converters. The system is tested under various load conditions, including quarter-load, half-load, and full-load, ensuring stable operational speed and efficient performance in all cases. Key control parameters, including the duty cycle of the DC-DC converters and the system’s resonant frequency, were examined for their impact on performance. Fine-tuning these parameters enabled efficient power transfer, reduced energy losses, and ensured system stability during dynamic transitions, particularly from half to full load. Furthermore, the voltage and current waveforms are presented and conformed to meet standard specifications, ensuring the system operates reliably and within acceptable limits. Practical experiments demonstrated the system’s ability to achieve a measured efficiency of 94% at an air-gap distance of 7.5 cm under full load conditions. This highlights the system’s potential for real-world applications, such as In-Wheel Motors (IWM) for Electric Vehicles (EVs), where reliability, efficiency, and stability are critical for overcoming challenges like power interruptions caused by vibrations.
Keywords:
wireless power transfer, Inductive Wireless Power Transmission (IWPT), electric vehicles, DC-DC power convertersDownloads
References
A. Triviño, J. M. González-González, and J. A. Aguado, "Wireless Power Transfer Technologies Applied to Electric Vehicles: A Review," Energies, vol. 14, no. 6, Mar. 2021, Art. no. 1547.
I. Okasili, A. Elkhateb, and T. Littler, "A Review of Wireless Power Transfer Systems for Electric Vehicle Battery Charging with a Focus on Inductive Coupling," Electronics, vol. 11, no. 9, Apr. 2022, Art. no. 1355,.
B. Kallel, O. Kanoun, and H. Trabelsi, "Large air gap misalignment tolerable multi‐coil inductive power transfer for wireless sensors," IET Power Electronics, vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 1768–1774, Jun. 2016.
A. J. Mahdi, S. Fahad, and W. Tang, "An Adaptive Current Limiting Controller for a Wireless Power Transmission System Energized by a PV Generator," Electronics, vol. 9, no. 10, Oct. 2020, Art. no. 1648.
X. Cheng, T. Chen, J. Li, and J. Wang, "Coordinated Control Method for Lateral Stability and Differential Power-Assisted Steering of In-Wheel Motor Drive Electric Vehicles," World Electric Vehicle Journal, vol. 14, no. 8, Jul. 2023, Art. no. 200.
M. T. Nguyen et al., "Electromagnetic Field Based WPT Technologies for UAVs: A Comprehensive Survey," Electronics, vol. 9, no. 3, Mar. 2020, Art. no. 461.
A. P. Sample, B. H. Waters, S. T. Wisdom, and J. R. Smith, "Enabling Seamless Wireless Power Delivery in Dynamic Environments," Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 101, no. 6, pp. 1343–1358, Jun. 2013.
Y. Li, J. Liu, Q. Yang, X. Ni, Y. Zhai, and Z. Lou, "Directional Characteristics of Wireless Power Transfer via Coupled Magnetic Resonance," Electronics, vol. 9, no. 11, Nov. 2020, Art. no. 1910.
S. Li and C. C. Mi, "Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicle Applications," IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 4–17, Mar. 2015.
A. Zakerian, S. Vaez-Zadeh, and A. Babaki, "A Dynamic WPT System With High Efficiency and High Power Factor for Electric Vehicles," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 35, no. 7, pp. 6732–6740, Jul. 2020.
K. Cakir and A. Sabanovic, "In-wheel motor design for electric vehicles," in 9th IEEE International Workshop on Advanced Motion Control, 2006., Istanbul, Turkey, 2006, pp. 613–618.
A. J. Mahdi, H. A. Saber, A. M. Ridha, and M. J. Mohammed, "Comparative analysis of different inverters and controllers to investigate performance of electrosurgical generators under variable tissue impedance," Acta Innovations, no. 48, pp. 61–74, May 2023.
S. Sakai, H. Sado, and Y. Hori, "Motion control in an electric vehicle with four independently driven in-wheel motors," IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 9–16, Mar. 1999.
S. Murata, "Innovation by in-wheel-motor drive unit," Vehicle System Dynamics, vol. 50, no. 6, pp. 807–830, Jun. 2012.
K. Deepak, M. A. Frikha, Y. Benômar, M. El Baghdadi, and O. Hegazy, "In-Wheel Motor Drive Systems for Electric Vehicles: State of the Art, Challenges, and Future Trends," Energies, vol. 16, no. 7, Mar. 2023, Art. no. 3121.
K. M. Rahman, N. R. Patel, T. G. Ward, J. M. Nagashima, F. Caricchi, and F. Crescimbini, "Application of Direct-Drive Wheel Motor for Fuel Cell Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicle Propulsion System," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 1185–1192, Sep. 2006.
M. Sato, G. Yamamoto, D. Gunji, T. Imura, and H. Fujimoto, "Development of Wireless In-Wheel Motor Using Magnetic Resonance Coupling," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 31, no. 7, pp. 5270–5278, Jul. 2016.
H. Fujimoto, O. Shimizu, S. Nagai, T. Fujita, D. Gunji, and Y. Ohmori, "Development of Wireless In-wheel Motors for Dynamic Charging: From 2nd to 3rd generation," in 2020 IEEE PELS Workshop on Emerging Technologies: Wireless Power Transfer (WoW), Seoul, Korea (South), Nov. 2020, pp. 56–61.
T. Takeuchi, T. Imura, H. Fujimoto, and Y. Hori, "Power management of Wireless In-Wheel Motor by SOC control of wheel side Lithium-ion Capacitor," in IECON 2016 - 42nd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Florence, Italy, Oct. 2016, pp. 4547–4552.
F. Jolani, Y. Yu, and Z. Chen, "A Planar Magnetically Coupled Resonant Wireless Power Transfer System Using Printed Spiral Coils," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 13, pp. 1648–1651, 2014.
Coil64, (v.2.2.34), Coil32 - the coil inductance calculator. [Online]. Available: https://coil32.net/download-coil64-for-windows.html.
Flat Spiral Coil Calculator, (2004), Promina Electronics Design. [Online]. Available: http://www.pronine.ca/spiralcoil.htm.
A. Visvizi and O. Troisi, Managing Smart Cities: Sustainability and Resilience Through Effective Management, 1st ed., Springer, 2022.
F. Grazian, T. B. Soeiro, and P. Bauer, "Voltage/Current Doubler Converter for an Efficient Wireless Charging of Electric Vehicles With 400-V and 800-V Battery Voltages," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 70, no. 8, pp. 7891–7903, Aug. 2023.
Z. Kadhim, L. Hammed, F. Rahima, and A. Ridha, "Elastohydrodynamic analysis of a journal bearing with different grade oils considering thermal and cavitation effects using CFD-FSI," Diagnostyka, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 1–10, May 2023, https://doi.org/10.29354/diag/166102.
G. Shahgholian and A. Fattollahi, "Improving Power System Stability Using Transfer Function: A Comparative Analysis," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 1946–1952, Oct. 2017.
S. Laporte, G. Coquery, V. Deniau, A. De Bernardinis, and N. Hautière, "Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer Charging Infrastructure for Future EVs: From Experimental Track to Real Circulated Roads Demonstrations," World Electric Vehicle Journal, vol. 10, no. 4, Nov. 2019, Art. no. 84.
Z. Wang, X. Wei, and H. Dai, "Design and Control of a 3 kW Wireless Power Transfer System for Electric Vehicles," Energies, vol. 9, no. 1, Dec. 2015, Art. no. 10.
M. E. Bendib and A. Mekias, "Solar Panel and Wireless Power Transmission System as a Smart Grid for Electric Vehicles," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 5683–5688, Jun. 2020.
Downloads
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Ali Jafer Mahdi, Haider Hameed Hussein, Ali Mohammed Ridha, Mohammed Jamal Mohammed, Hussban Abood Saber, Mustafa Habeeb Chyad

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) after its publication in ETASR with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.