Evaluation of the Variation in Dynamic Load Factor Throughout a Highly Skewed Steel I-Girder Bridge
Received: 20 February 2021 | Revised: 20 March 2021 | Accepted: 26 March 2021 | Online: 12 June 2021
Corresponding author: Y. Almoosi
Abstract
The Dynamic Load Factor (DLF) is defined as the ratio between the maximum dynamic and static responses in terms of stress, strain, deflection, reaction, etc. DLF adopted by different design codes is based on parameters such as bridge span length, traffic load models, and bridge natural frequency. During the last decades, a lot of researches have been made to study the DLF of simply supported bridges due to vehicle loading. On the other hand, fewer works have been reported on continuous bridges especially with skew supports. This paper focuses on the investigation of the DLF for a highly skewed steel I-girder bridge, namely the US13 Bridge in Delaware State, USA. Field testing under various load passes of a weighed load vehicle was used to validate full-scale three-dimensional finite element models and to evaluate the dynamic response of the bridge more thoroughly. The results are presented as a function of the static and dynamic tensile and compressive stresses and are compared to DLF code provisions. The result shows that most codes of practice are conservative in the regions of the girder that would govern the flexural design. However, the DLF sometimes exceeds the code-recommended values in the vicinity of skewed supports. The discrepancy of the DLF determined based on the stress analysis of the present study, exceeds by 13% and 16% the values determined according to AASHTO (2002) for tension and compression stresses respectively, while, in comparison to BS5400, the differences reach 6% and 8% respectively.
Keywords:
dynamic load factor, steel bridges, skewed bridges, codes of practice, field test, finite element analysisDownloads
References
H. Moghimi and H. Ronagh, "Impact factors for a composite steel bridge using non-linear dynamic simulation," International Journal of Impact Engineering, vol. 35, no. 11, pp. 1228–1243, Nov. 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2007.07.003
Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges: 2002, 17th edition. Washington, DC, USA: AASHTO, 2003.
Specifications for highway bridges. Part 1: Common Specifications. Tokyo, Japan: Japan Road Association, 1996.
Load and Resistance Factor Design Specifications, 8th ed. Washington DC, USA: AASHTO, 2017.
Ontario Highway Bridge Design Code, 2nd ed. Toronto, Canada: Ontario Ministry of Transportation and Communications, 1983.
Bridge Design Code. Sydney, Australia: Australia’s National Road Authority, 1992.
Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 2: Traffic loads on bridges. Brussels, Belgium: CEN, 2003.
BS5400-2: Steel, Concrete and Composite Bridges. Part 2: Specification for Loads. London, UK: BSI, 2006.
L. Ma, W. Zhang, W. S. Han, and J. X. Liu, "Determining the dynamic amplification factor of multi-span continuous box girder bridges in highways using vehicle-bridge interaction analyses," Engineering Structures, vol. 181, pp. 47–59, Feb. 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.11.059
W. Wang, L. Deng, and X. Shao, "Fatigue Design of Steel Bridges Considering the Effect of Dynamic Vehicle Loading and Overloaded Trucks," Journal of Bridge Engineering, vol. 21, no. 9, Sep. 2016, Art. no. 04016048. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000914
X. Zhang, K. Sennah, and J. B. Kennedy, "Evaluation of impact factors for composite concrete–steel cellular straight bridges," Engineering Structures, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 313–321, Feb. 2003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(02)00160-8
Y.-B. Yang, S.-S. Liao, and B.-H. Lin, "Impact Formulas for Vehicles Moving over Simple and Continuous Beams," Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 121, no. 11, pp. 1644–1650, Nov. 1995. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1995)121:11(1644)
"BDI strain transducer ST-350 specifications sheet." BDI, 2006.
J. R. McConnell, M. Radovic, and K. Ambrose, "Field Evaluation of Cross-Frame and Girder Live-Load Response in Skewed Steel I-Girder Bridges," Journal of Bridge Engineering, vol. 21, no. 3, Mar. 2016, Art. no. 04015062. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000846
Y. Almoosi, J. McConnell, and N. Oukaili, "Structural Modeling of Cross-Frame Behavior in Steel Girder Bridges," in 2019 12th International Conference on Developments in eSystems Engineering (DeSE), Kazan, Russia, Oct. 2019, pp. 620–625. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/DeSE.2019.00117
ABAQUS 6.14: ABAQUS/CAE user’s guide. Simulia, 2019.
M. a. J. Hassan and A. F. Izzet, "Experimental and Numerical Comparison of Reinforced Concrete Gable Roof Beams with Openings of Different Configurations," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 5066–5073, Dec. 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.3188
H. M. Hekmet and A. F. Izzet, "Numerical Analysis of Segmental Post Tensioned Concrete Beams Exposed to High Fire Temperature," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 4759–4768, Oct. 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.3059
D. Chang and H.-H. Lee, "Impact Factors for Simple‐Span Highway Girder Bridges," Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 120, no. 3, pp. 704–715, Mar. 1994. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1994)120:3(704)
Y.-B. Yang, C. W. Lin, and J. D. Yau, "Extracting bridge frequencies from the dynamic response of a passing vehicle," Journal of Sound and Vibration, vol. 272, no. 3, pp. 471–493, May 2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-460X(03)00378-X
P. K. Chatterjee, T. K. Datta, and C. S. Surana, "Vibration of Suspension Bridges under Vehicular Movement," Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 120, no. 3, pp. 681–703, Mar. 1994. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1994)120:3(681)
K. Chompooming and M. Yener, "The influence of roadway surface irregularities and vehicle deceleration on bridge dynamics using the method of lines," Journal of Sound and Vibration, vol. 183, no. 4, pp. 567–589, Jun. 1995. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/jsvi.1995.0273
D. Huang, T.-L. Wang, and M. Shahawy, "Impact Analysis of Continuous Multigirder Bridges due to Moving Vehicles," Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 118, no. 12, pp. 3427–3443, Dec. 1992. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1992)118:12(3427)
E. J. OBrien, D. Cantero, B. Enright, and A. González, "Characteristic Dynamic Increment for extreme traffic loading events on short and medium span highway bridges," Engineering Structures, vol. 32, no. 12, pp. 3827–3835, Dec. 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.08.018
Downloads
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Authors
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) after its publication in ETASR with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
