Refinery Wastewater Treatment by a Novel Three-Dimensional Electrocoagulation System Design

Authors

  • S. K. Theydan Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Iraq
  • W. T. Mohammed Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Iraq
Volume: 12 | Issue: 6 | Pages: 9590-9600 | December 2022 | https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.5316

Abstract

A novel three-dimensional electrocoagulation method was used in the current work to explore the treatment of refinery wastewater. Metal-Impregnated Granular Activated Carbon (MIGAC) was employed as a third particle electrode in the inventive design. A comprehensive investigation has been conducted to evaluate its performance. BET-specific surface area, total pore volume, X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were employed for the characterization of MIGAC particle electrodes at pH=7, 30V applied voltage, 10g of particle electrodes, 175mL/min flow rate, and a supporting electrolyte (0.063M NaCl + 0.025M Na2SO4). The findings indicate that the effectiveness of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) elimination increased quickly after 20min to 66.93, 69.88, 77.59, 74.14, 81.26, 79.87, and 87.14% for Conventional Electrocoagulation (CEC). Three-dimensional electrocoagulation with granular activated carbon (TEC-RGAC), TEC-MIGAC (Al), TEC-MIGAC (Fe), and TEC-MIGAC (Al:Fe) with molar ratios of (1:1), (1:2), and (2:1) respectively were utilized. While turbidity removals were 99.04, 98.87, 99.23, 94.89, 92.42, 98.85, and 99.21% for CEC ,TEC-RGAC, TEC-MIGAC(Al), TEC-MIGAC(Fe), TEC-MIGAC(1:1), TEC-MIGAC(1:2), and TEC-MIGAC(2:1) respectively. The results demonstrated that the metal impregnation of GAC is an interesting method for achieving effective turbidity and COD removal from refinery wastewater. In both batch and repeat recycling tests, MIGAC with a mixture of aluminum and iron oxides removed turbidity and COD more effectively and efficiently than RGAC.

Keywords:

electrocoagulation, refinery wastewater, three-dimensional electrode, metal impregnated activated carbon, COD

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

H. Wake, "Oil refineries: a review of their ecological impacts on the aquatic environment," Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 131–140, Jan. 2005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2004.08.013

M. A. Tony, P. J. Purcell, and Y. Zhao, "Oil refinery wastewater treatment using physicochemical, Fenton and Photo-Fenton oxidation processes," Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 435–440, Feb. 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2012.646136

J. Saien and H. Nejati, "Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of pollutants in petroleum refinery wastewater under mild conditions," Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 148, no. 1, pp. 491–495, Sep. 2007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.03.001

M. Yalda, M. M. A. Torabi, and A. Fouladitajar, "Refinery and petrochemical wastewater treatment," in Sustainable Water and Wastewater Processing, Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier, 2019, pp. 55–91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816170-8.00003-X

A. N. Laghari, Z. A. Siyal, D. K. Bangwar, M. A. Soomro, G. D. Walasai, and F. A. Shaikh, "Groundwater Quality Analysis for Human Consumption: A Case Study of Sukkur City, Pakistan," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 2616–2620, Feb. 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.1768

A. A. Mahessar, A. L. Qureshi, A. N. Laghari, S. Qureshi, S. F. Shah, and F. A. Shaikh, "Impact of Hairdin, Miro Khan and Shahdad Kot Drainage on Hamal Dhand, Sindh," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 3652–3656, Dec. 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.2389

A. N. Laghari, Z. A. Siyal, M. A. Soomro, D. K. Bangwar, A. J. Khokhar, and H. L. Soni, "Quality Analysis of Urea Plant Wastewater and its Impact on Surface Water Bodies," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 2699–2703, Apr. 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.1767

P. A. Pugazhendi, H. Abbad Wazin, H. Qari, J. M. A.-B. Basahi, J. J. Godon, and J. Dhavamani, "Biodegradation of low and high molecular weight hydrocarbons in petroleum refinery wastewater by a thermophilic bacterial consortium," Environmental Technology, vol. 38, no. 19, pp. 2381–2391, Oct. 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2016.1262460

N. M. Makkiya and I. A. W. Al-Baldawi, "Biodegradation of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon from Al-Daura Refinery Wastewater by Rhizobacteria," Journal of Engineering, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 14–23, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2020.01.02

S. Arefi-Oskoui, A. Khataee, M. Safarpour, and V. Vatanpour, "Modification of polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membrane using ultrasonic-assisted functionalized MoS2 for treatment of oil refinery wastewater," Separation and Purification Technology, vol. 238, May 2020, Art. no. 116495. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2019.116495

I. Ulhaq, W. Ahmad, I. Ahmad, M. Yaseen, and M. Ilyas, "Engineering TiO2 supported CTAB modified bentonite for treatment of refinery wastewater through simultaneous photocatalytic oxidation and adsorption," Journal of Water Process Engineering, vol. 43, Oct. 2021, Art. no. 102239. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.102239

B. Singh and P. Kumar, "Pre-treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater by coagulation and flocculation using mixed coagulant: Optimization of process parameters using response surface methodology (RSM)," Journal of Water Process Engineering, vol. 36, Aug. 2020, Art. no. 101317. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101317

S. H. Ammar, N. N. Ismail, A. D. Ali, and W. M. Abbas, "Electrocoagulation technique for refinery wastewater treatment in an internal loop split-plate airlift reactor," Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, vol. 7, no. 6, Dec. 2019, Art. no. 103489. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2019.103489

R. N. Abbas and A. S. Abbas, "The Taguchi Approach in Studying and Optimizing the Electro-Fenton Oxidation to Reduce Organic Contaminants in Refinery Wastewater Using Novel Electrodes," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 8928–8935, Aug. 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.5091

H. M. Ibrahim and R. H. Salman, "Study the Optimization of Petroleum Refinery Wastewater Treatment by Successive Electrocoagulation and Electro-oxidation Systems," Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 31–41, Mar. 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31699/IJCPE.2022.1.5

S. S. Alkurdi and A. H. Abbar, "Removal of COD from Petroleum refinery Wastewater by Electro-Coagulation Process Using SS/Al electrodes," IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 870, no. 1, Jun. 2020, Art. no. 012052. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/870/1/012052

G. Hayder, M. Z. Ramli, M. A. Malek, A. Khamis, and N. M. Hilmin, "Prediction model development for petroleum refinery wastewater treatment," Journal of Water Process Engineering, vol. 4, pp. 1–5, Dec. 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2014.08.006

C. A. Martinez-Huitle and E. Brillas, "Decontamination of wastewaters containing synthetic organic dyes by electrochemical methods: A general review," Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, vol. 87, no. 3, pp. 105–145, Apr. 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2008.09.017

Y. Yavuz, A. S. Koparal, and U. B. Ogutveren, "Treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater by electrochemical methods," Desalination, vol. 258, no. 1, pp. 201–205, Aug. 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2010.03.013

L. Yan, H. Ma, B. Wang, Y. Wang, and Y. Chen, "Electrochemical treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater with three-dimensional multi-phase electrode," Desalination, vol. 276, no. 1, pp. 397–402, Aug. 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.03.083

R. H. Salman, "Removal of Manganese Ions (Mn2+) from a Simulated Wastewater by Electrocoagulation/ Electroflotation Technologies with Stainless Steel Mesh Electrodes: Process Optimization Based on Taguchi Approach," Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 39–48, Mar. 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31699/IJCPE.2019.1.6

T. Satapanajaru, S. D. Comfort, and P. J. Shea, "Enhancing Metolachlor Destruction Rates with Aluminum and Iron Salts during Zerovalent Iron Treatment," Journal of Environmental Quality, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 1726–1734, 2003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2003.1726

V. Khandegar and A. K. Saroha, "Electrocoagulation for the treatment of textile industry effluent – A review," Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 128, pp. 949–963, Oct. 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.06.043

R. Katal and H. Pahlavanzadeh, "Influence of different combinations of aluminum and iron electrode on electrocoagulation efficiency: Application to the treatment of paper mill wastewater," Desalination, vol. 265, no. 1, pp. 199–205, Jan. 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2010.07.052

Y. Sun et al., "Electrochemical treatment of chloramphenicol using Ti-Sn/γ-Al2O3 particle electrodes with a three-dimensional reactor," Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 308, pp. 1233–1242, Jan. 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.10.072

M. Paidar, K. Bouzek, M. Laurich, and J. Thonstad, "Application of a Three-Dimensional Electrode to the Electrochemical Removal of Copper and Zinc Ions from Diluted Solutions," Water Environment Research, vol. 72, no. 5, pp. 618–625, 2000. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2175/106143000X138201

S. Yonghui, L. Siming, Y. Ning, and H. Wenjin, "Treatment of cyanide wastewater dynamic cycle test by three-dimensional electrode system and the reaction process analysis," Environmental Technology, vol. 42, no. 11, pp. 1693–1702, May 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2019.1677783

S. T. Kadhum, G. Y. Alkindi, and T. M. Albayati, "Remediation of phenolic wastewater implementing nano zerovalent iron as a granular third electrode in an electrochemical reactor," International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 1383–1392, Mar. 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03205-5

R. Shokoohi et al., "Comparing the performance of the peroxymonosulfate/Mn3O4 and three-dimensional electrochemical processes for methylene blue removal from aqueous solutions: Kinetic studies," Colloid and Interface Science Communications, vol. 42, May 2021, Art. no. 100394. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colcom.2021.100394

S. Sowmiya, R. Gandhimathi, S. T. Ramesh, and P. V. Nidheesh, "Granular activated carbon as a particle electrode in three-dimensional electrochemical treatment of reactive black B from aqueous solution," Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 1616–1622, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.12396

S. Tang et al., "Fe3O4 nanoparticles three-dimensional electro-peroxydisulfate for improving tetracycline degradation," Chemosphere, vol. 268, Apr. 2021, Art. no. 129315. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129315

P. Pourali, M. Fazlzadeh, M. Aaligadri, A. Dargahi, Y. Poureshgh, and B. Kakavandi, "Enhanced three-dimensional electrochemical process using magnetic recoverable of Fe3O4@GAC towards furfural degradation and mineralization," Arabian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 15, no. 8, Aug. 2022, Art. no. 103980. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.103980

K. GracePavithra, P. Senthil Kumar, V. Jaikumar, and P. SundarRajan, "A review on three-dimensional eletrochemical systems: analysis of influencing parameters and cleaner approach mechanism for wastewater," Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 873–896, Dec. 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-020-09550-0

W. Can, H. Yao-Kun, Z. Qing, and J. Min, "Treatment of secondary effluent using a three-dimensional electrode system: COD removal, biotoxicity assessment, and disinfection effects," Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 243, pp. 1–6, May 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.12.044

X. Li, C. Wang, Y. Qian, Y. Wang, and L. Zhang, "Simultaneous removal of chemical oxygen demand, turbidity and hardness from biologically treated citric acid wastewater by electrochemical oxidation for reuse," Separation and Purification Technology, vol. 107, pp. 281–288, Apr. 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2013.01.008

N. R. Neti and R. Misra, "Efficient degradation of Reactive Blue 4 in carbon bed electrochemical reactor," Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 184, pp. 23–32, Mar. 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.12.014

L. Correia-Sa et al., "A Three-Dimensional Electrochemical Process for the Removal of Carbamazepine," Applied Sciences, vol. 11, no. 14, Jan. 2021, Art. no. 6432 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app11146432

K.-W. Jung, M.-J. Hwang, D.-S. Park, and K.-H. Ahn, "Combining fluidized metal-impregnated granular activated carbon in three-dimensional electrocoagulation system: Feasibility and optimization test of color and COD removal from real cotton textile wastewater," Separation and Purification Technology, vol. 146, pp. 154–167, May 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2015.03.043

E. Gengec, M. Kobya, E. Demirbas, A. Akyol, and K. Oktor, "Optimization of baker’s yeast wastewater using response surface methodology by electrocoagulation," Desalination, vol. 286, pp. 200–209, Feb. 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.11.023

J. B. Parsa, H. R. Vahidian, A. R. Soleymani, and M. Abbasi, "Removal of Acid Brown 14 in aqueous media by electrocoagulation: Optimization parameters and minimizing of energy consumption," Desalination, vol. 278, no. 1, pp. 295–302, Sep. 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.05.040

D. Kumar and C. Sharma, "Remediation of Pulp and Paper Industry Effluent Using Electrocoagulation Process," Journal of Water Resource and Protection, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 296–310, Mar. 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2019.113017

D. S. Ibrahim, P. S. Devi, and N. Balasubramanian, "Electrochemical Oxidation Treatment of Petroleum Refinery Effluent," International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, vol. 4, no. 8, pp. 1–5, Jan. 2013.

M. S. Secula, A. Vajda, L. Hagıu-Zaleschı, B. Cagnon, F. Warmont, and I. Mamalıga, "Iron(II)-Impregnated Activated Carbon Composites Applied as Fenton-like Catalysts for Degrading Persistent Organic Compounds," in 15th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology, Rhodes, Greece, Sep. 2017.

U. Balasubramani, R. Venkatesh, S. Subramaniam, G. Gopalakrishnan, and V. Sundararajan, "Alumina/activated carbon nano-composites: Synthesis and application in sulphide ion removal from water," Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 340, pp. 241–252, Oct. 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.07.006

A. Kolics, J. C. Polkinghorne, and A. Wieckowski, "Adsorption of sulfate and chloride ions on aluminum," Electrochimica Acta, vol. 43, no. 18, pp. 2605–2618, Jun. 1998. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-4686(97)10188-8

R. Keyikoglu, O. T. Can, A. Aygun, and A. Tek, "Comparison of the effects of various supporting electrolytes on the treatment of a dye solution by electrocoagulation process," Colloid and Interface Science Communications, vol. 33, Nov. 2019, Art. no. 100210. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colcom.2019.100210

C. J. Israilides, A. G. Vlyssides, V. N. Mourafeti, and G. Karvouni, "Olive oil wastewater treatment with the use of an electrolysis system," Bioresource Technology, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 163–170, Aug. 1997. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(97)00023-0

S. H. Lin, C. T. Shyu, and M. C. Sun, "Saline wastewater treatment by electrochemical method," Water Research, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 1059–1066, Apr. 1998. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(97)00327-8

A. G. Vlyssides, C. J. Israilides, M. Loizidou, G. Karvouni, and V. Mourafeti, "Electrochemical treatment of vinasse from beet molasses," Water Science and Technology, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 271–278, Jan. 1997. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0536

G. Varank, H. Erkan, S. Yazycy, A. Demir, and G. Engin, "Electrocoagulation of Tannery Wastewater using Monopolar Electrodes: Process Optimization by Response Surface Methodology," International Journal of Environmental Research, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 165–180, Jan. 2014.

K.-W. Jung, M.-J. Hwang, D.-S. Park, and K.-H. Ahn, "Performance evaluation and optimization of a fluidized three-dimensional electrode reactor combining pre-exposed granular activated carbon as a moving particle electrode for greywater treatment," Separation and Purification Technology, vol. 156, pp. 414–423, Dec. 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2015.10.030

J. A. G. Gomes et al., "Arsenic removal by electrocoagulation using combined Al–Fe electrode system and characterization of products," Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 139, no. 2, pp. 220–231, Jan. 2007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.11.108

M. El-Naas, A.-Z. Sulaiman, and A. Al-Lobaney, "Treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater by continuous electrocoagulation," International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, vol. 2, no. 10, pp. 2144–2150, Jan. 2013.

L. Wei, S. Guo, G. Yan, C. Chen, and X. Jiang, "Electrochemical pretreatment of heavy oil refinery wastewater using a three-dimensional electrode reactor," Electrochimica Acta, vol. 55, no. 28, pp. 8615–8620, Dec. 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2010.08.011

Downloads

How to Cite

[1]
Theydan, S.K. and Mohammed, W.T. 2022. Refinery Wastewater Treatment by a Novel Three-Dimensional Electrocoagulation System Design. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research. 12, 6 (Dec. 2022), 9590–9600. DOI:https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.5316.

Metrics

Abstract Views: 634
PDF Downloads: 566

Metrics Information