Wind Power Generation Scenarios in Lebanon
Received: 13 August 2022 | Revised: 10 September 2022 and 16 September 2022 | Accepted: 18 September 2022 | Online: 15 December 2022
Corresponding author: Y. Kassem
Abstract
Renewable energy in terms of solar and wind energy can be an essential part of Lebanon's strategies to add new capacity, increase energy security, address environmental concerns, and resolve the electricity crisis. In this regard, there is an urgent need to develop road maps in order to reduce the effect of global warming and enhance sustainable technological development for generating clean power in the country. Therefore, the present paper evaluates Lebanon's wind energy generation potential as an alternative solution to supply electricity to households in various locations distributed over Lebanon. In the present study, the measured data are used to evaluate the wind energy potential in Lebanon and to find suitable locations to install wind farms in the country. Accordingly, the results demonstrated that Ain ed Dabaa is the most suitable location for the installation of a wind farm. Moreover, the study aims to develop a wind energy cost analysis techno-economic model for eight conventional wind turbines and a Barber wind turbine, which was found to be very competitive. Consequently, this study showed that the implementation of a wind turbine could provide clean, economical, and continuous production of electricity in countries that suffer from daily blackouts.
Keywords:
Lebanon, wind potential, conventional wind turbines, Barber wind turbine, techno-economic modelDownloads
References
H. Fang, J. Li, and W. Song, "Sustainable site selection for photovoltaic power plant: An integrated approach based on prospect theory," Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 174, pp. 755–768, Oct. 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.08.092
S. N. Shorabeh, M. K. Firozjaei, O. Nematollahi, H. K. Firozjaei, and M. Jelokhani-Niaraki, "A risk-based multi-criteria spatial decision analysis for solar power plant site selection in different climates: A case study in Iran," Renewable Energy, vol. 143, pp. 958–973, Dec. 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.05.063
E. Tercan, A. Eymen, T. Urfalı, and B. O. Saracoglu, "A sustainable framework for spatial planning of photovoltaic solar farms using GIS and multi-criteria assessment approach in Central Anatolia, Turkey," Land Use Policy, vol. 102, Mar. 2021, Art. no. 105272. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105272
B. Memon, M. H. Baloch, A. H. Memon, S. H. Qazi, R. Haider, and D. Ishak, "Assessment of Wind Power Potential Based on Raleigh Distribution Model: An Experimental Investigation for Coastal Zone," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 3721–3725, Feb. 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.2381
Y. Kassem, H. Gokcekus, and H. S. A. Lagili, "A Techno-Economic Viability Analysis of the Two-Axis Tracking Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Power System for 25 Selected Coastal Mediterranean Cities," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 7508–7514, Aug. 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.4251
F. Elmahmoudi, O. E. K. Abra, A. Raihani, O. Serrar, and L. Bahatti, "Elaboration of a Wind Energy Potential Map in Morocco using GIS and Analytic Hierarchy Process," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 6068–6075, Aug. 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.3692
A. G. Olabi and M. A. Abdelkareem, "Renewable energy and climate change," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 158, Apr. 2022, Art. no. 112111. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112111
S. K. Yadav and U. Bajpai, "Performance evaluation of a rooftop solar photovoltaic power plant in Northern India," Energy for Sustainable Development, vol. 43, pp. 130–138, Apr. 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2018.01.006
El Khchine, M. Sriti, and N. E. El Kadri Elyamani, "Evaluation of wind energy potential and trends in Morocco," Heliyon, vol. 5, no. 6, Jun. 2019, Art. no. e01830. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01830
F. Mansouri Kouhestani, J. Byrne, D. Johnson, L. Spencer, P. Hazendonk, and B. Brown, "Evaluating solar energy technical and economic potential on rooftops in an urban setting: the city of Lethbridge, Canada," International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 13–32, Mar. 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40095-018-0289-1
K. S. AlQdah, R. Alahmdi, A. Alansari, A. Almoghamisi, M. Abualkhair, and M. Awais, "Potential of wind energy in Medina, Saudi Arabia based on Weibull distribution parameters," Wind Engineering, vol. 45, no. 6, pp. 1652–1661, Dec. 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0309524X211027356
R. B. Chahine, "Energy Strategy to Supply Electric Demands in Politically Unstable Developing Countries (Lebanon Case Study)," M.S. thesis, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK, 2018.
Physical Infrastructure - Electricity Sector Overview. Libanon: Council for Development and Reconstruction, 2016.
N. Wehbe, "Optimization of Lebanon’s power generation scenarios to meet the electricity demand by 2030," The Electricity Journal, vol. 33, no. 5, Jun. 2020, Art. no. 106764. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tej.2020.106764
R. A. Farhat et al., "A Multi-attribute Assessment of Electricity Supply Options in Lebanon," in Food-Energy-Water Nexus Resilience and Sustainable Development: Decision-Making Methods, Planning, and Trade-Off Analysis, S. Asadi and B. Mohammadi-Ivatloo, Eds. New York, NY, USA: Springer, 2020, pp. 1–27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40052-1_1
Y. Kassem, H. Gokcekus, and W. Janbein, "Predictive model and assessment of the potential for wind and solar power in Rayak region, Lebanon," Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 1475–1502, Sep. 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-00866-y
E. Kinab and M. Elkhoury, "Renewable energy use in Lebanon: Barriers and solutions," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 16, no. 7, pp. 4422–4431, Sep. 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.04.030
H. L. Moore and H. Collins, "Decentralised renewable energy and prosperity for Lebanon," Energy Policy, vol. 137, Feb. 2020, Art. no. 111102. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.111102
G. Al Zohbi, P. Hendrick, and P. Bouillard, "Wind characteristics and wind energy potential analysis in five sites in Lebanon," International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 40, no. 44, pp. 15311–15319, Nov. 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.04.115
Y. Kassem, H. Gokcekus, and M. Zeitoun, "Modeling of techno-economic assessment on wind energy potential at three selected coastal regions in Lebanon," Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 1037–1049, Sep. 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-019-00589-9
M. Elkhoury, Z. Nakad, and S. Shatila, "The Assessment of Wind Power for Electricity Generation in Lebanon," Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, vol. 32, no. 13, pp. 1236–1247, Apr. 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15567030802706754
A. El-Ali, N. Moubayed, and R. Outbib, "Comparison between solar and wind energy in Lebanon," in 9th International Conference on Electrical Power Quality and Utilisation, Barcelona, Spain, Oct. 2007, pp. 1–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/EPQU.2007.4424155
G. A. Zohbi, P. Hendrick, and P. Bouillard, "Assessment of wind energy potential in Lebanon," Research in Marine Sciences, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 401–414, 2018.
H. Gokcekus, Y. Kassem, and M. A. Hassan, "Evaluation of Wind Potential at Eight Selected Locations in Northern Lebanon Using Open Source Data," International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, vol. 14, no. 11, pp. 2789–2794, 2019.
Y. Kassem, H. Camur, M. A. H. A. Abdalla, B. D. Erdem, and A. M. R. Al-ani, "Evaluation of wind energy potential for different regions in Lebanon based on NASA wind speed database," IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 926, no. 1, Aug. 2021, Art. no. 012093. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/926/1/012093
A. Serban, L. S. Paraschiv, and S. Paraschiv, "Assessment of wind energy potential based on Weibull and Rayleigh distribution models," Energy Reports, vol. 6, pp. 250–267, Nov. 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2020.08.048
J. A. Guarienti, A. Kaufmann Almeida, A. Menegati Neto, A. R. de Oliveira Ferreira, J. P. Ottonelli, and I. Kaufmann de Almeida, "Performance analysis of numerical methods for determining Weibull distribution parameters applied to wind speed in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil," Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, vol. 42, Dec. 2020, Art. no. 100854. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2020.100854
M. M. Alayat, Y. Kassem, and H. Çamur, "Assessment of Wind Energy Potential as a Power Generation Source: A Case Study of Eight Selected Locations in Northern Cyprus," Energies, vol. 11, no. 10, Oct. 2018, Art. no. 2697. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en11102697
L. Bilir, M. Imir, Y. Devrim, and A. Albostan, "An investigation on wind energy potential and small scale wind turbine performance at İncek region – Ankara, Turkey," Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 103, pp. 910–923, Oct. 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2015.07.017
S. Rehman, M. M. Alam, L. M. Alhems, and M. M. Rafique, "Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Blade Design Methodologies for Efficiency Enhancement—A Review," Energies, vol. 11, no. 3, Mar. 2018, Art. no. 506. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en11030506
"Size specifications of common industrial wind turbines," American Wind Energy Association. http://www.aweo.org/windmodels.html.
K. A. Adeyeye, N. Ijumba, and J. S. Colton, "A Techno-Economic Model for Wind Energy Costs Analysis for Low Wind Speed Areas," Processes, vol. 9, no. 8, Aug. 2021, Art. no. 1463. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9081463
A. Ucar and F. Balo, "Investigation of wind characteristics and assessment of wind-generation potentiality in Uludağ-Bursa, Turkey," Applied Energy, vol. 86, no. 3, pp. 333–339, Mar. 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2008.05.001
J. W. Tester, E. M. Drake, M. J. Driscoll, M. W. Golay, and W. A. Peters, Sustainable Energy, second edition: Choosing Among Options. Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press, 2012.
A. Allouhi et al., "Evaluation of wind energy potential in Morocco’s coastal regions," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 72, pp. 311–324, May 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.047
M. A. Alsaad, "Wind energy potential in selected areas in Jordan," Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 65, pp. 704–708, Jan. 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2011.12.037
H. D. Ammari, S. S. Al-Rwashdeh, and M. I. Al-Najideen, "Evaluation of wind energy potential and electricity generation at five locations in Jordan," Sustainable Cities and Society, vol. 15, pp. 135–143, Jul. 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2014.11.005
N. Boccard, "Capacity factor of wind power realized values vs. estimates," Energy Policy, vol. 37, no. 7, pp. 2679–2688, Jul. 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.02.046
"Future of Wind: Deployment, investment, technology, grid integration and socio-economic aspects," PERISCOPE. https://periscope-network.eu/analyst/future-wind-deployment-investment-technology-grid-integration-and-socio-economic-aspects.
T. R. Ayodele, A. A. Jimoh, J. L. Munda, and J. T. Agee, "Viability and economic analysis of wind energy resource for power generation in Johannesburg, South Africa," International Journal of Sustainable Energy, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 284–303, Mar. 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14786451.2012.762777
Downloads
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Y. Kassem, H. Gokcekus, H. Camur, A. H. A. Abdelnaby
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) after its publication in ETASR with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
