Influence of Austenite Phase Transformation on Existing Microstructure of Low C-Mn Steel
Abstract
Cold heading quality CHQ steel is widely used for making small components due to its excellent cold heading response. Austenite nucleation and growth morphology of a commercial CHQ steel has been studied by continuous heating experiments using lead-bath up-quenching at different heating temperatures. Modern optical microscope Olympus GX51, scanning electron microscopy techniques have been deployed to reveal and interpret the microstructure. It was found that at 740°C the microstructure shows lack of homogeneity, hence the cold-head-ability of CHQ steel is anisotropic. At high temperatures, in austenite domain, at 60sec, the resultant austenite is highly homogenous. Then the cold-head-ability properties of CHQ steel turned to be isotropic.
Keywords:
CHQ steel, up-quenching, phase transformation, microstructure, heating rate, austeniteDownloads
References
T. Das J. Y. Li M. Painter E. Summerville, “Evaluation of two AISI 4037 cold heading quality steel wires for improved tool life and product quality”, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 86-91, 2002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-002-0013-3
M. A. Xiaoyu,“Effect of Microstructure on the Cold Headability of a Medium Carbon Steel”, ISIJ International, Vol. 44 No. 5, pp. 905-913, 2004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.44.905
R. Hill, “Annealing: The First Step in Cold Forming”, Wire Journal International, Vol. 17, No. 7, pp. 95-97, 1984
J. Ramo, V. T. Kuokkala, T. Vuoristo, “Influence of strain rate and adiabatic heating on the deformation behavior of cold heading steels”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 209, No. 11, pp. 5186-5194, 2009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2009.03.004
Y. H. Lee, J. S. Kwon, D. L. Lee, “Study on the formation of ferrite-cementite microstructure by strain induced dynamic transformation in medium carbon steels”, Materials Science Forum, Vol. 539-543, pp 4267-4271, 2006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.539-543.4267
J. Huang, W. J. Poole, M. Militzer, “Austenite formation during intercritical annealing”, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Vol. 35, No. 11, pp. 3363-3375, 2004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-004-0173-x
A. Sabih, J. A. Nemes, “Internal ductile failure mechanisms in steel cold heading process”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 209, No. 9, pp. 4292-4311, 2009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2008.11.023
S. Tajik, M. Ahmad, I. Ahmad, J. Khan, “The effect of heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of steels”, Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 206-211, 1998
E. Girault, P. Jacques, P. Harlet, K. Mols, J. Van Humbeeck, E. Aernoudt, F. Delannay, “Metallographic Methods for Revealing the Multiphase Microstructure of TRIP-Assisted Steels”, Materials Characterization, Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 111-118, 1998 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1044-5803(97)00154-X
R. L. Higginson, C. M. Sellars, Worked Examples in Quantitative Metallography, Maney, 2003
J. W. Christian, Theory of Transformations in Metals and Alloys, Pergamon, 2002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-008044019-4/50011-8
V. I. Savran, Y. Van Leeuwen, D. N. Hanlon, C. Kwakernaak, W. G. Sloof, J. Sietsma, “Microstructural features of austenite formation in C35 and C45 alloys”, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Vol. 38, No. 5, pp. 946-955, 2007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-007-9128-3
S. Lee, S. J. Lee, B. C. De Cooman, “Austenite stability of ultrafine-grained transformation-induced plasticity steel with Mn partitioning”, Scripta Materialia, Vol. 65, No. 3, pp. 225-228, 2011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2011.04.010
S. Chatterjee, H. S. Wang, J. R. Yang, H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia, “Mechanical stabilisation of austenite”, Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 22, No. 6, pp. 641-644, 2006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1179/174328406X86128
S. J. Tajik, J. Z. Khan, M. Pervaz, I. Ahmad, “Effect of cooling rate and austenite temperature on the mechanical properties of commercial steels”, Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Vol. 15, pp. 61-68, 1996
S. Q. Yuan, G. L. Liang, “Dissolving behaviour of second phase particles in Nb–Ti microalloyed steel”, Materials Letters, Vol. 63, No. 27, pp. 2324-2326, 2009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2009.07.064
Y. Z. Zhu, Z. Zhu, J. P. Xu, “Grain boundary segregation of minor arsenic and nitrogen at elevated temperatures in a microalloyed steel”, International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy, and Materials, Vol. 19, No. 5, pp. 399-403, 2012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-012-0570-x
Downloads
How to Cite
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) after its publication in ETASR with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.